The purpose of this chapter is to provide the criminal investigator with practical information on the application of criminal personality profiling to the homicide investigation.

Introduction

The applications of clinical criteria and abnormal psychology to the investigative process are an integral part of criminal personality profiling and have been universally recognized and accepted as genuine and legitimate investigative techniques. Detectives and criminal investigators routinely employ these techniques in their investigation of violent crime on a case-by-case basis. From a practical standpoint, there are only so many ways to kill and only so many stories to tell as an offender attempts to explain the killings. After a while, a distinct pattern emerges, which encompasses a series of clusters of behavioral information and specific typologies of offenders. For example, human behavior is repetitive. Certain actions engaged in at the scene by certain types of personalities will tend to repeat themselves. In the assessment of these types of personalities, the FBI behavioral science researchers have identified two specific types: organized and disorganized. In this chapter, I will define these two types and provide a generic profile for each of them. Practically speaking, there will generally be a combination of profile characteristics and crime scene differences between organized and disorganized offenders.

I have provided you with worksheet tables (see Table 21.1 and Table 21.2), which list the characteristics of the organized and disorganized offender and crime scene dynamics in a column format. You can then identify the column with the most elements that appear similar to your case. This will suggest the type of offender with whom you may be dealing. I then direct you to the two generic profiles that appear under "The Organized Offender" and "The Disorganized Offender" sections.

This information will provide the experienced investigator with a frame of reference to apply to the investigative analysis of a specific type of crime or type of offender. The forensic evidence coupled with the actions of the offender in the scene and the specific activities he engaged in with his victim allows for the interpretation of "the signature" aspect and the ability to link events as referenced by "the linkage concept."

Clinically speaking, there is a behavioral distinctiveness in human sexuality. This unique aspect of our sexual arousal and response system accounts for why individuals differ in their sexual behaviors and engage in a specific series of behavioral patterns. In sex-related criminal incidents, the offender is oftentimes subconsciously "acting out" a sexually significant behavioral pattern, which reflects the underlying personality, lifestyle, and developmental experiences of the offender. (p. 756)1

The investigative goal is to interpret these actions and behaviors of the offender and then translate these psychodynamics into investigative reality.

History of Profiling

Profiling is not an entirely new concept. During World War II, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) employed a psychiatrist, William Langer, to profile Adolf Hitler.2 Furthermore, as I will explain, such cases as the "Boston Strangler" and the "Mad Bomber" of New York City were similarly profiled by a psychiatrist in the 1950s and 1960s.

Traditionally, however, psychiatrists and psychologists entered into an analysis of a crime only after the suspect was in custody. Their evaluations were usually aimed at determining whether the suspect was "sane" at the time he or she committed the offense.

An exception to this traditional role took place during the late 1950s and early 1960s when Dr. James A. Brussel, a New York City psychiatrist, provided law enforcement authorities with valuable information on such sensational cases as the Mad Bomber of New York City and the Boston Strangler of Boston, Massachusetts. In other important investigations he "profiled," the suspect based on the psychodynamics of an event and the psychiatric "clues" he deduced from the crimes he examined.

In the Mad Bomber case, police authorities asked Dr. Brussel to provide them with his professional opinion. Dr. Brussel reviewed the huge case file, the photographs, and a number of letters that the suspect had mailed over a 16-year period. Without engaging in what best can be described as a lot of psychoanalytic double talk, he simply rendered the following opinion: "Look for a heavy man. Middle aged. Foreign born. Roman Catholic. Single. Lives with a brother or sister." He also added: "...when you find him, chances are he'll be wearing a double-breasted suit. Buttoned." (p. 46)3

On January 20, 1957, police arrested George Metesky and charged him with being the infamous Mad Bomber. He was exactly as described by Dr. Brussel. When he was taken into custody, he was even wearing a double-breasted suit.

In April, 1964, Dr. Brussel was again invited into a major police investigation. A group of physicians and psychiatrists were brought together in Boston in connection with the Boston Strangler cases, which had occurred between June 14, 1962, and January 4, 1964. The official name of the group was the Medical–Psychiatric Committee. There had been 11 sex-related murders in the Boston area (later this total would be amended to 13), and all investigative efforts to identify the person or persons responsible had failed. The circumstances of the deaths seemed to indicate that two stranglers were involved. The committee members based this opinion on the fact that the first group of stranglings involved older women, and the second group involved the stranglings of younger women. Also, the psychosexual activity in both sets of killings differed. Dr. Brussel, however, did not agree with the committee. He maintained that one man was responsible. The killings mysteriously stopped and the committee was eventually disbanded. However, in November, 1964, a man identified as Albert DeSalvo came to the attention of authorities. He was ultimately identified as the Boston Strangler. He "fit" the profile that Dr. Brussel had provided to the police. (pp. 136–162)3

Dr. Brussel's ability to interpret bizarre behaviors and then translate this psychiatric knowledge into investigative realities proved to be an extremely effective tactic. He had his unique method of applying psychiatric principles in reverse with a blend of science and intuition. Dr. Brussel also applied the results of studies by the late Ernst Kretschmer, a German psychiatrist who demonstrated that a person's physical build is often associated with a certain type of personality and, in the event of psychiatric illness, with a particular disorder, e.g., 85% of paranoiacs have an "athletic" body type. (p. 33)3 According to Kreteschmer, "a schizophrenic would most likely be asthenic in build — thin, small framed, and angular, but a paranoid schizophrenic with strong paranoid features would most likely have the well-proportioned build of a paranoiac." (p. 117)3

The Son of Sam case, which occurred in New York City over a period of 13 months during 1976 to 1977, also enlisted the active involvement of psychiatry and psychology in the investigation. The police were attempting to identify a "madman" who shot young couples as they sat in parked autos at various locations within the city. The New York City Police Department sought the assistance of these forensic experts in an attempt to assess the personality of this serial killer. In addition, Dr. Murray S. Miron, a professor at Syracuse University, performed a psycholinguistic analysis of the communications sent by Son of Sam to local newspapers. This profile turned out to "fit" the suspect closely. (See "Psycholinguistics" in Chapter 20.)

Application of Abnormal Psychology

Professional investigators soon realized that the application of clinical criteria and abnormal psychology to the investigative process and the participation of psychiatrists and psychologists with the necessary experience and background to assist the police were practical and logical procedures in specific criminal investigations.

Figure 21.1 LUST MURDER VICTIM. This photo depicts the body of a lust murder victim, who was killed elsewhere and then brought to this location and placed in this degrading position by the offender. The offender engaged in postmortem mutilation. (Left side of photo) The offender then scalped the victim and hung her hair on some debris at the scene. He also removed her breasts and eviscerated the victim's body. (From the author's files.)

Use of profiles and criminal investigative analysis are now an integral part of the investigative process.

Criminal investigative analysis has proven to be beneficial to law enforcement and has provided homicide detectives with a viable, successful investigative tool in pinpointing potential suspects in certain types of murder cases.

In 1981, Pierce Brooks, a retired chief of police and former homicide commander of the Los Angeles Police Department introduced a system designed to identify serial murderers. This system was called VICAP, an acronym for Violent Criminal Apprehension Program. It was designed to collect, collate, and analyze all aspects of an investigation using the latest computer and communications technology.

The combined success of the Psychological Profiling Program and the VICAP concept consequently produced Congressional legislation establishing a National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) in July 1984.4 NCAVC is based at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, under the Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG). It combines investigative and operational support functions, research, and training in order to provide assistance, without charge, to federal, state, local, and foreign law enforcement agencies investigating unusual or repetitive violent crimes.

Experienced FBI special agents and other professionals who make up the NCAVC staff provide advice and support in a variety of investigative matters and other law enforcement-related functions. Typical cases for which NCAVC services are requested include child abduction or mysterious disappearance of children, serial murders, single homicides, serial rapes, extortions, threats, kidnappings, product tampering, arsons and bombings, weapons of mass destruction, public corruption, and domestic and international terrorism.

Requests for NCAVC services are typically facilitated through NCAVC coordinators assigned to each FBI field office. NCAVC presently consists of the following units:

• Behavioral analysis units (BAUs)

• Terrorism and threat analysis

• Crimes against adults

• Crimes against children

• Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP)

Law enforcement can submit investigations of mass, serial, and sensational homicides, as well as sex crimes and other specified investigations, to a central location for analysis and identification of similar crime patterns which may exist in other jurisdictions and possibly be related.

BAU assistance to law enforcement agencies is provided through criminal investigative analysis, which is a process of reviewing crimes from behavioral and investigative perspectives. It involves reviewing and assessing the facts of a criminal act and interpreting offender behavior and interaction with the victim, as exhibited during the commission of the crime or as displayed in the crime scene. BAU staff conduct detailed analyses of crimes for the purpose of providing one or more of the following services: crime analysis, investigative suggestions, profiles of unknown offenders, threat analysis, critical incident analysis, interview strategies, major case management, search warrant assistance, prosecution and trial strategies, and expert testimony.

With the cooperation of the FBI, I researched this particular investigative technique by examining certain cases profiled by the Behavioral Science Unit, in order to present a practical understanding of criminal personality profiling. In addition, I have included personal interviews with Supervisory Special Agent William Hagmaier, now retired, and retired Supervisory Agent Robert K. Ressler, who was the commander of the original profiling project. They provided the case history and technical information, which has been enhanced with current publications, cited here.

Criminal Personality Profile

A criminal personality profile is an educated attempt to provide investigative agencies with specific information as to the type of individual who would have committed a certain crime. It involves the preparation of a biographical sketch based upon information taken from the crime scene and victimology, which is then integrated with known psychological theory. The profile can be a valuable tool in identifying and pinpointing suspects; however, it must be noted that the profile has its limitations. It should be used in conjunction with the sound investigative techniques ordinarily employed at the scene of a homicide.1

The Purpose of the Profile

The objective of criminal profiling is to provide the investigator with a personality composite of the unknown suspect(s) that will aid in apprehension. By studying the crime scene from a psychological standpoint, the criminal psychologist is able to identify and interpret certain items of evidence at the scene, which provide clues to the personality type of the individual or individuals who have committed the crime. Certain clues at a crime scene, by their very nature, do not lend themselves to ordinary collection techniques, for example, the emotions of rage, hate, love, fear, and irrationality. According to professional profilers, there is nothing mystical about their work; the procedures they use are well founded in sociological and psychological roots.

When Profiling Can Be Productive

Criminal personality profiling is usually productive in crimes in which an unknown subject has demonstrated some form of psychopathology in his crime, for example: sadistic torture in sexual assault, evisceration, postmortem slashing and cutting, motiveless fire-setting, lust and mutilation murders, ritualistic crimes, and rapes.

Practically speaking, in any crime in which available evidence indicates a mental, emotional, or personality aberration by an unknown perpetrator, the criminal personality profile can be instrumental in providing the investigator with information that narrows down the leads. The behavioral characteristics of the perpetrator as evidenced in the crime scene — not the offense per se — determine the degree of suitability of the case for profiling.

According to Ressler, formerly of the FBI,

All people have personality traits that can be more or less identified. However, an abnormal person becomes more ritualized, displaying a distinct pattern to his behavior. Many times, the behavior and personality are reflected in the crime scene in the same manner that furnishings in a home reflect the character of the owner."5

In certain instances, agents of the Criminal Personality Profiling and Consultation section have been able to supply police with such details as approximate height, weight, body type, age, general occupation, and family environment of an unknown suspect. Such a description is based on their initial examination of the scene, using crime scene photos, and preliminary information concerning the crime provided by the requesting agency. However, as an expert in homicide, I must caution you that viewing crime scene photographs without making a personal visit to the crime scene to get a "feel" for the area may prove to be very embarrassing. In addition, other considerations may not be readily discernible to persons unfamiliar with the geographical areas, local customs, or unique patterns of behavior endemic to an area. Whenever I perform an investigative assessment of a case, I make it a point to visit the crime scene and conduct personal interviews with the assigned investigators, who many times have already "profiled" possible suspects, based on their expertise and knowledge of their jurisdiction.

The following case history of a series of particularly bizarre homicides shows how criminal profiling can be of value in an investigation. This case, known as "The Vampire Killer" case, concerns an individual identified as Richard Trenton Chase. Chase, who may have also committed additional homicides, was conclusively linked to the murders of six individuals; five of whom were killed in one week. This case history information was provided by Lieutenant Ray Biondi, commanding officer of the Homicide Bureau of the Sacramento County, California, Sheriff's

Department.6

Case History — Disorganized Offender

The first known murder occurred on December 29, 1977. A 51-year-old man who had exited his house to retrieve groceries from his car in the driveway was shot once in the chest with a .22 caliber automatic. The man's wife, who was about to follow him out the door, heard two shots. Neighbors also reported hearing shots as a car drive off. The authorities had neither suspects nor motive for the murder. They did, however, have a comparable bullet from the victim's body as well as a shell casing found in the street. The police were perplexed by this murder, which was apparently random and motiveless, and they certainly did not have any suspects. Unknown to police, an individual named Richard Chase was responsible for this crime.

On the morning of January 23, 1978, Chase was roaming around the same neighborhood looking for another victim. He attempted a burglary at one house but the woman, who was home, saw him and called the police. Richard left before they arrived. Less than a half-hour later, he was almost caught by another homeowner, who interrupted him as he was burglarizing the owner's home. The man chased the culprit but lost him in the neighborhood. However, he got a good description, which he provided to the police. Richard had stolen approximately $16, a pair of binoculars, and a dagger. In addition, while in the home, Richard urinated on an open drawer of undergarments and had defecated on a bed in the master bedroom.

Richard's next stop was a supermarket. He brought along his rubber gloves and his .22 caliber semiautomatic gun. He had gone home to change his clothes after the burglary. This time, he wore his orange jacket. He ran into a woman he had known in high school. She at first did not recognize him until he asked her if she had a friend named Kurt who had been killed in a motorcycle accident. She was concerned by this man's appearance. He was unkempt, his hands were dirty, and there was yellow crust around his lips. She remembered that this stranger had been a classmate in high school, and he was asking her about an incident that had occurred 10 years earlier when her boyfriend was killed. Richard tried to make conversation and even asked the young woman for a ride. She decided to try to get away from him by getting into line and making a purchase. However, he took an orange juice off the shelf and got in line right behind her. As soon she paid for her groceries, she ran from the store and jumped into her car. The stranger was running after her. She took off in her vehicle and left him standing in the parking lot. Shortly thereafter, Richard killed his next victim.

Later that same Monday, a man returned home from work, entered his home, and discovered the body of his 22-year-old wife sprawled dead on the bedroom floor. She had been shot as she walked out her front door carrying some garbage bags. The killer then

Figure 21.2 BODY MULTILATED BY THE VAMPIRE KILLER. This eviscerated body is one of the female victims of Richard Trenton Chase, the "Vampire Killer," who was positively linked to six murders. He fit the category of a disorganized serial killer. (Courtesy of retired Lt. Ray Biondi, commanding officer Homicide Bureau, Sacramento, California, Sheriff's Department.)

executed her by shooting her in the head. He then dragged her into the rear bedroom where he savagely mutilated her body. The victim's blouse had been pulled up over her chest, her pants forced down to her ankles, and fecal matter (later determined to be human) had been placed into her mouth. The killer, using steak knives taken from the kitchen, had opened up the midsection of his victim and removed her intestines. He then stabbed her through her left nipple. He smeared her blood over his own face and licked his fingers. He then smeared the blood along the inner thighs of the victim. In addition, the victim's blood had apparently been scooped out of her body cavity with a paper cup, which had been discarded at the scene. Investigators found various ringlets corresponding to the diameter of this cup on the floor next to the body. Later it was determined that the killer had drunk the woman's blood. Certain body parts were taken from the scene along with several steak knives.

The Sacramento sheriff's detectives were completely baffled by this strange and vicious homicide and readily admitted to never having encountered such a bizarre crime. According to Ray Biondi, investigators recognized that this murder could be related to the homicide which had occurred a month earlier. There were some compelling reasons to believe that these two murders were linked. Primarily, the attacks had occurred in the same residential area. Both victims were attacked in "blitz-style" confrontations. Both victims had been shot with a .22 caliber automatic and similar shell casings had been recovered at

Figure 21.3 EVIDENCE OF ANTHROPOPHAGY — RINGLETS OF BLOOD. In this crimescene photograph, you can see the ringlet of blood from the cup that the killer used to drink the victim's blood. (Courtesy of retired Lt. Ray Biondi, commanding officer, Homicide Bureau,

Sacramento, California, Sheriff's Department.)

both scenes. On the other hand, the activity in the most recent case was totally bizarre, compared with the "execution-type" attack on the male victim.

To add to this mystery, the next day, within the same neighborhood, a young store clerk was executed while on his knees in a cold storage box. Ballistics later indicated that the weapon used in this case was a.38 caliber. This case was eventually determined to be an unrelated event. However, one can imagine how this case complicated an already confusing series of events.

Sheriff's detectives relied heavily upon standard investigative techniques. The neighborhood was thoroughly canvassed for information. The investigators learned that there had been a burglary on the same block as the murder. The burglar had defecated on the bed in the master bedroom. According to Biondi, "We were sure the burglary was related to the murder, we just could not establish the 'why.'" He and his fellow detectives began to look into some possible psychological motivations in an effort to establish the "why."

In the middle of that same week, sheriff's investigators learned that a Labrador puppy had been shot to death in the owner's back yard within this same neighborhood. Biondi arranged for an autopsy on the dog in order to recover the projectile.

Meanwhile, homicide investigators were performing the traditional routine "spade" work of interviewing the husband who had discovered his wife's body, checking old boyfriends of the deceased, and looking into friends and associates of the victim. It was during this victimology phase that investigators were served another curve ball. A former girlfriend of the deceased's husband was extremely jealous of their marriage. When she had originally learned that the deceased had become pregnant, she had reportedly remarked to friends that she would like to kill the deceased and cut out the baby. Needless to say, this information certainly added to an already bizarre chain of events.

The investigation into Monday's murder had hardly begun when later that same week, five blocks away, another even more grisly discovery was made. On Friday, January 27, 1978, Sacramento sheriff's deputies were called to a residence within the same general area

Figure 21.4 SEXUAL MUTILATION — EVISCERATION. This female victim of lust murder has been eviscerated. The killer then engaged in anthropophagy, which is the consumption of human blood and flesh to achieve sexual pleasure and satisfaction. (Courtesy of retired Lt. Ray

Biondi, commanding officer, Homicide Bureau, Sacramento, California, Sheriff's Department.)

on a report of a multiple murder. A woman had gone to visit her next-door neighbor, opened the door to her friend's house, and discovered the whole family murdered. The dead woman, who was 36 years of age, had been shot three times and had been eviscerated. Her 52-year-old boyfriend, who had been visiting, had died of gunshot wounds to the head; the woman's 6-year-old boy had been shot dead. A 22-month-old baby, whom the woman was babysitting, was missing from a bloodstained crib. Once again, the victim of the evisceration was female.

In this case, there was evidence of anal sodomy and indications that the killer had stabbed at her rectum with one of the knives. The killer also cut one of her eyes out of the socket with a kitchen knife. This knife had been taken from the first crime scene and left behind by the killer. It had been used to mutilate this victim as in the first case; there was evidence of anthropophagy (consumption of the victim's flesh or blood). An examination of the woman's body revealed that certain body organs had been removed. In addition, a piece of rubber glove was found in the body cavity. (Later, sheriff's detectives would learn that the killer wore these gloves because he believed he was performing surgery.) When the detectives searched the house, they discovered that the bathtub was filled with bloody water as well as brain matter, feces, and pieces of human entrails. The female victim's hair was soaking wet. Evidence at the scene indicated that she had probably just finished taking a bath when the offender confronted her and proceeded to execute everyone in the house.

When the killer did leave, he took the infant's body with him. He also took the male victim's wallet and car, which was found abandoned late Friday evening about a mile from the scene.

At this point in the investigation, it was quite evident to investigators that a single individual, who was obviously quite disturbed, was committing this series of murders. Ray Biondi was given the full resources of the Sacramento County Sheriff's Detective Division. Investigators assessed that the person responsible for these crimes came from within the geographical area of incident.

Sheriff's detectives "profiled" their suspect to be a white male (the area was primarily white and the canvass had also indicated that a white male stranger had committed the burglary in the area). The suspect would be in his 20s (males of this age commit most of the crimes). The suspect was probably schizophrenic (based upon the cutting, probing of the bodies in what detectives perceived to be curiosity). The suspect might have recently been released from a mental institution. (This was based on the fact that these bizarre crimes had suddenly occurred within a short span of time within one area.) The suspect seemed unconcerned about being apprehended, based upon the daylight attacks as well as the apparent lack of effort to hide the crimes or evidence. He was a loner type of individual and unmarried (based on who could live with a "wacko" like this). If the suspect did work, it would be a menial job at best. The suspect probably lived within the 1-mile circle due to the fact that the crimes were committed within the area as well as the fact that the stolen car was recovered in a parking lot of a building complex within the area.

According to Biondi, "This profile generally suggested that investigators were looking for a psychotic individual who lived and/or worked in the neighborhood and was committing the crimes and murders on impulse or opportunity."

Ray Biondi and Sergeant Don Habecker established an investigative plan, which would focus the probe. Because all of the murders as well as the bizarre incidents had occurred within a 1-mile radius, a large circle encompassing this radius was drawn on a map of the area. An extensive canvass operation was initiated. The entire investigative effort was effectively concentrated on these locations within the circle. In addition, detectives continued their inquiries at the present crime scene as well as the location where the stolen auto was later recovered. The stolen vehicle was put under 24-hour police surveillance Friday evening.

A supervisor was put in charge of the canvass, with explicit instructions to assure that each and every person within this circle be interviewed and asked whether any strangers or suspicious persons had been observed in the area.

The following day, Saturday, Biondi received information about a witness who had talked to an individual identified as Richard Chase. This civilian witness had seen Richard in a supermarket parking lot behind the residence of the first female victim on the day of the murder. Richard had asked this witness, whom he knew from high school, for a ride. The witness declined due to the fact that Richard was unkempt and acting really weirdly. Biondi assigned the Chase lead to three general-assignment detectives for follow-up investigation.

The three detectives, Ken Baker, Wayne Irey, and Bill Roberts, contacted the building manager of the apartment complex where Chase lived. The manager told the detectives about dogs and cats missing from the buildings within the complex. The manager and the detectives went to Chase's apartment and knocked on the door. Unknown to them, other detectives already had attempted to interview the occupant of this apartment with negative results. The manager opened the door to an unoccupied apartment next door. Through an interior wall, Detective Baker could hear movement inside Chase's apartment. As Detective Roberts returned with the manager to his office and called Biondi, detectives Baker and Irey staked out the suspect's apartment. The suspect suddenly came running out of the apartment carrying a box, which contained bloody rags, fast-food containers with blood and other body parts enclosed, and other evidence of the crimes.

When the detectives searched him, they found a gun in a shoulder holster. This was the same .22-caliber automatic he had used to kill his victims. The apartment revealed extensive evidence of the murders, including three blenders containing blood and human entrails. A diaper from the missing baby was also found in the apartment. (The baby's body was found 3 months later in a mummified condition, drained of blood, and beheaded.) Dried blood was caked on the suspect's mouth and hands, and additional evidence indicated that he had cooked, eaten, and drunk his victims' blood and body parts. In the refrigerator was a can containing brain matter. The remaining steak knives, which he had taken from the residence of the first victim, were found in the suspect's apartment.

According to the suspect, the reason for his vampire-like activity and grisly behavior was that flying saucers were drying up his blood through some sort of radiation and he had to replenish his supply in order to survive. The suspect was eventually convicted. However, while awaiting appeal, he committed suicide or accidentally overdosed on medication he had secreted in his cell trying to cure his imaginary illness.

According to Lt. Biondi, this series of bizarre murders enabled the investigators to utilize some of the information they had received during an FBI Homicide School he had attended in 1976. The instructor was Special Agent Russell Vorpagle, who had presented a segment on the "Psychology of Murder." Biondi stated, "The training that I and the other detectives in our homicide detail received from this school greatly influenced the tactics we took when the Chase murders were occurring."6

Ray Biondi finally published his account of this case in the book Dracula Killer. He stated:

This case is often lectured about and documented in textbooks and other training material as a classic case in psychological profiling. Usually the facts are massaged or omitted to illustrate how the case was solved by the sole use of a psychological profile. I believe in any training that may provide another tool to the homicide detective. However, the practical use of this training is very limited. The danger in the belief of psychological profiling is that it may cause an investigation to focus away from the true killer. The intention of this book is to correct the misconception that complex murder cases are solved solely on the basis of a psychological profile.7

Factors That Can Be Determined by a Criminal Personality Profile

1. Age

2. Sex

3. Race

4. Marital status/adjustment

5. Intelligence

6. Scholastic achievement/adjustment

7. Lifestyle

8. Rearing environment

9. Social adjustment

10. Personality style/characteristics

11. Demeanor

12. Appearance and grooming

13. Emotional adjustment

14. Evidence of mental decompensation

15. Pathological behavioral characteristics

16. Employment/occupational history and adjustment

17. Work habits

18. Residency in relation to crime scene

19. Socioeconomic status

20. Sexual adjustment

21. Type of sexual perversion or disturbance (if applicable)

22. Motive

The Investigative Approach to Profiling

The criminal personality profile is based upon a good crime scene examination and adequate information supplied to the profiler. In order to facilitate this process, certain investigative steps must be taken at the scene by the detective:

1. The complete documentation of events: photographs (black-and-white and color) and/or videotape as well as crime scene sketches should be accomplished prior to any other police procedures at the scene.

2. A careful and complete search should be conducted for any forensic materials and other evidence that might provide a clue to the identity of the killer.

Furthermore, an extensive and thorough investigation of the victim's background must be undertaken in order for the profiler to appraise the type of suspect for which police should be looking. Assessing the victimology of the deceased is standard operating procedure for any good homicide investigator. Many times the detective ends up learning more about the deceased than the victim knew about himself. From the perspective of the profiler, however, the victim's background information takes on an added value as the profiler seeks a behavioral pattern or scenario upon which to build his or her hypothesis.

The following items are necessary to create a profile:

I. Photographs (the larger the photo is, the better, and the photos should focus on the depth and extent of the wounds) A. Complete photographs of the crime scene

B. Color photos of the victim

C. Photos of body positioning, different angles

D. If residence is involved, photos of other rooms, including a crime scenesketch which depicts the entire scene and floor plan of the residence

E. Photo of the area to include aerial shot to show relationship of bodyplacement to the area so that the profiler can get a feel for the area

II. Neighborhood and complex A. Racial, ethnic, and social data

III. Medical examiner's report (autopsy protocol) A. Photos to show full extent of damage to body

1. Stabs, cuts (number of)

2. Gunshots

3. Bruises

4. Lividity

B. Toxicology reports

1. Drugs, alcohol

2. Sperm present, sperm in anus, hair cut off, bits and pieces of hair, andoral swabs of mouth for semen C. Are wounds postmortem?

D. Feelings of the medical examiner, which are not committed to the report

IV. Map of the victim's travels prior to death

A. Place employed

B. Residence

C. Where last seen

D. Crime scene location

V. Complete investigation report of the incident A. Standard report of date, time, location, etc.

B. Weapon used if known

C. Investigative officer's reconstruction of the sequence of events

D. Detailed interviews of witnesses

VI. Background of the victim

A. Age

B. Sex

C. Race

D. Physical description (including dress at time of incident)

E. Marital status/adjustment

F. Intelligence, scholastic achievement/adjustment

G. Lifestyle (recent changes)

H. Personality style/characteristics

I. Demeanor

J. Residency (former and present) in relation to the crime scene

K. Sexual adjustment

L. Occupation (former and present)

M.Reputation at home and work

N. Medical history (physical and mental)

O. Fears

P. Personal habits

Q. Use of alcohol or drugs/social habits

R. Hobbies

S. Friends and enemies

T. Recent court action

In addition to providing a criminal personality profile of an unknown suspect based upon an analysis of the crime scene, the Behavioral Science Unit profilers of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime can also make an assessment of possible suspects based on an evaluation of certain background information supplied by local police on a specific suspect.

The following information should be obtained on the individual to be profiled:

1. Name

2. Age

3. Sex

4. Race

5. Height and weight

6. Marital status; ages and sex of children; recent births; is wife pregnant?

7. Education level

8. Socioeconomic status

9. History (criminal record or psychiatric problems)

10. Physical abnormalities and/or defects (e.g., acne, speech impediment, obese, walks with a limp)

11. Residence (condition of, etc.)

12. Automobile (color, how maintained)

13. Behavior (describe any recent change)

14. Mannerisms and personality traits

15. Employment (recently laid off? skills associated with job)

16. Day or night person

17. User of drugs or alcohol (recent increase?)

18. Dress (sloppy or neat, type of clothing)

19. Known to carry, collect, or display weapons? (what type?)

20. Rigid vs. flexible personality

21. Prior military experience (branch of service)

Investigative Assessment — The Profiling Process

According to Ressler et al.,

The process used by the profiler is quite similar to that used by clinicians to make a diagnosis and treatment plan: data is collected, the situation reconstructed, hypotheses are formulated, a profile developed and tested, and the results reported back. The profilers combine brainstorming, intuition, and educated guesswork with prior experience in similar case scenarios to arrive at hypothetical formulations. (p. 135)8

Basically, a homicide detective follows these steps at the crime scene. The detective gathers information, attempts to reconstruct the incident, develops a theory about the incident, and then assesses these data to see whether the theory is consistent with the facts of the case. The investigators brainstorm the case during the investigative critique. They use their intuition, follow hunches, and make educated guesses based upon their extensive personal experience in homicide investigation.

In fact, an effective homicide detective is usually someone who has taken his experience and enhanced it with knowledge, flexibility, and common sense.

Clinical Considerations and Descriptions of Behavior

The Psychopathic Personality

"A person, whose behavior is largely amoral and asocial, who is characterized by irresponsibility, lack of remorse or shame, perverse or impulsive (oftentimes crim-

inal) behavior, and other serious personality defects." (p. 1147)9 Psychopathic characteristics include:

Complete disregard for community standards of behavior

Apparent absence of guilt feelings

Failure to learn by punishment

Desire for immediate satisfaction

Continuous sexual experimentation

Usually an extrovert

Can go "in" and "out" of feelings

Undue dependence on others10

The classification of the organized offender is based on the clinical definition of Antisocial Personality Disorder (301.7) as referenced in DSM-IV. "The essential feature of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood." (p. 645)11 The terms psychopathy and sociopathy have also been used interchangeably to describe this type of behavior. However, according to Dr. Robert Hare, Ph.D., there is a distinctive difference between them.8,12

Dr. Hervey Cleckley was one of the first clinicians to do an in-depth study of the psychopathic personality. In his textbook, The Mask of Sanity,14 Dr. Cleckley describes the psychopath in terms of his actions and his apparent intentions. In fact, The Mask of Sanity has influenced and provided the clinical framework for much of the scientific research on psychopathy.

Cleckley lists the 16 characteristics of the psychopath as:

1. Superficial charm and good "intelligence"

2. Absence of delusions and other signs of irrational thinking

3. Absence of "nervousness" or psychoneurotic manifestations

4. Unreliability

5. Untruthfulness and insincerity

6. Lack of remorse or shame

7. Inadequately motivated antisocial behavior

8. Poor judgment and failure to learn by experience

9. Pathologic egocentricity and incapacity for love

10. General poverty in major affective reactions

11. Specific loss of insight

12. Unresponsiveness in general interpersonal relations

13. Fantastic and uninviting behavior with (alcoholic) drink and sometimes without

14. Suicide rarely carried out

15. Sex life impersonal, trivial, and poorly integrated

16. Failure to follow any life plan14

Dr. Robert Hare, the author of Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths among Us, has emerged as the preeminent authority and foremost expert in the area of psychopathy. He developed and perfected the Psychopathy Checklist and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) which has become the standard instrument for researchers and clinicians worldwide. In my opinion, the PCL-R has proven to be the most perceptive development in the application of clinical psychology to the investigative process. Hare's Psychopathy Checklist is a clinical tool for professional interpretation of the actions and behaviors of the psychopath that has provided a measure of the assessment of dangerousness of individuals who meet the criteria of psychopath.

Key Symptoms of Psychopathy

Emotional/Interpersonal Social Deviance

Glib and superficial Impulsive

Egocentric and grandiose Poor behavior controls

Lack of remorse or guilt Need for excitement

Lack of empathy Lack of responsibility

Deceitful and manipulative Early behavior problems

Shallow emotions Adult antisocial behaviors12

Psychopaths, who are grandiose, arrogant, callous, dominant, superficial, and manipulative, cannot form strong emotional bonds with others and demonstrate a lack of guilt or conscience. They are irresponsible and impulsive and cannot appreciate the pain and suffering they inflict on others. This explains why they can torture and mutilate another human being without the least concern. I find this perspective consistent with observable data and applicable to the investigative process. Dr. Hare's work best represents the point of view and definition of psychopathy as expressed in this chapter.

Psychotic Personality (The Psychosis)

The classification of the disorganized offender is based on the clinical definition of a brief psychotic disorder (298.8) as referenced in DSM-IV. The psychotic personality suffers from a "psychosis," which is a major mental disorder in which the personality is very seriously disorganized and contact with reality is usually impaired.9 Psychotic characteristics:

Loner type of personality

Generally remains isolated or secluded

Uncomfortable around people

Lacks interpersonal skills10

A psychosis is defined in DSM-IV as a brief psychotic disorder (DSM-IV 298.8) This disturbance involves the sudden onset of at least one of the following positive psychotic symptoms:

Delusions

Hallucinations

Disorganized speech (incoherence, fragmented speech)

Inappropriate response

Strange mannerisms11

This type of reaction is usually associated with a stressor of some intensity. Sex is certainly considered a stressor of significant magnitude. The inadequate individual experiencing such a stressor coupled with an engram (mind picture) of a particular sadistic fantasy is certainly capable of "acting out" a bizarre sexual assault. The very nature of a sexual deviant engram is that it is substitutive for normal sexuality. It is often reinforced with masturbatory activities, which become compulsive patterns. The behavior and activities of this individual acting out his fantasy during a sexual crime could very well be described as "psychotic." From an investigative perspective, we would refer to such an event as "disorganized." The offender might possibly have a clinical diagnosis; however, the murder event could very well be the result of a temporary psychosis involving a sexual stressor. In any event, the crime scene presentation is significantly different from that of the "organized" offender.

Sexual Sadism (302.84 DSM-IV)

According to DSM-IV, sexual sadism is a paraphilia. Paraphilias are sexual deviations marked by persistent sexual arousal patterns in which unusual objects, rituals, or situations are required for sexual gratification. They are understood to reflect a psychosexual disorder in which the preferred or exclusive means of sexual gratification is deviant. The essential feature in sexual sadism is that the individual derives sexual excitement from the infliction of psychological or physical suffering (including humiliation) of the victim. Sadistic fantasies or acts may involve activities that indicate the dominance of the person over his victim (e.g., forcing the victim to crawl or keeping the victim in a cage) or restraint, blindfolding, paddling, spanking, whipping, pinching, beating, burning, electrical shocks, rape, cutting or stabbing, strangulation, torture, mutilation, or killing.11

(A) (B)

Figure 21.5 SADISTIC INJURIES INFLICTED ON VICTIMS BY SERIAL KILLER. These photos illustrate the sadistic sexual torture that the serial killer inflicted on his victims. In photos A, B, and C, the victim suffered breast assault with vice-grips and a paddling on the buttocks. The killer then pinched her nose closed with a pair of pliers. Photo D shows the third victim, who had suffered a severe paddling. The killer also took the blade of his knife and inflicted the incised wounds on her buttocks and legs. (Courtesy of retired Captain George O'Haggerty, New Castle County, Delaware, Department of Public Safety.)

Continued.

(C)

(D)

Figure 21.5 Continued.

According to DSM-IV, this is a chronic condition and a progressive disorder. "When sexual sadism is severe, and especially when it is associated with antisocial personality disorder, individuals with sexual sadism may seriously injure or kill their victims." (p. 530)11

Among the number of paraphilias discussed in Dr. J. Paul DeRiver's often cited work, Crime and the Sexual Psychopath, is lust murder.15 DeRiver speaks of sadism as a compelling element in some lust murders; in others, arousal is not derived from the infliction of pain and suffering of the victim but rather from the act of killing. In this latter case, however, as with necrophiles, DeRiver recognizes that even though the offender may not witness any prolonged degree of suffering on the part of the victim, he is likely to call "upon his imagination and fancy to supply him with the necessary engrams to satisfy his craving for his depravity."15

This is not unlike lust murderers who torture victims before killing them and then recall "an after-image (engram) of the sensation produced by the physical torture and mutilation, extending beyond time and space."15 The sadistic scenario is thus conjured in the imagination, be it a recreation of the actual crime scene or the product of fantasy. In each instance, lust murders are viewed as behaviors of sadistic sexual psychopaths. This is the type of offender who tortures and kills for sexual gratification and characterizes the prototypical serial killer, whom we refer to as "organized."

However, it must be understood that "disorganized" offenders are also capable of similar behavior and engage in sadistic activities with their victims as well.

Sexual sadism is frequently associated with sex-related murders. Most of the offenders involved in this activity are organized offenders, who plan their crimes and seek out specific victims. The disorganized offender, who reacts to a circumstance of opportunity without a specific plan, is rarely able to repeatedly escape apprehension.

Psychopathic Sexual Sadists

According to Vetter,16 serial murderers are almost routinely characterized in media accounts and much legal documentation as "psychopaths" or "sociopaths," which he notes are terms superseded by the diagnostic category "antisocial personality disorder" by the psychiatric community in its 1968 revision of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Cartel17 outlines the crime patterns, biographies, detection, and case processing of 21 serial killings. He notes that in addition to the apparent lack of guilt or compassion for their victims, serial murderers claim to experience euphoria during their murders. These observations are consistent with the aforementioned aspects of antisocial personality disorder. The intense arousal is derived from the torture and/or killing of victims, which Lunde identifies as sexual sadism, "a deviation characterized by torture and/or killing and mutilation of other persons in order to achieve sexual gratification."18 A reading of Brittain's work19 on the sadistic murderer reveals that such individuals are unconcerned with the moral implications of their brutality. They are excited by the sight of suffering and helplessness of their victims, whom they experience as objects. They usually kill by strangulation, apparently because of the total control over the victim that this method offers them.

Because it appears that a substantial proportion of male serial murderers violate their victims sexually, it is important to examine the role sexual behavior has in the killings. In the broader arena of sexual aggression — not limited to serial murder — clinical studies of sexually aggressive men have shown sadism as a dominant feature of their sexual arousal patterns. Dietz, like Brittain before him, contends that the paraphilia most frequently associated with sex murders is sadism. In fact, Dietz states, "While every serial killer is mentally disordered, nearly all are psychopathic sexual sadists, and few, if any, are psychotic. Psychotic offenders rarely have the wherewithal repeatedly to escape apprehension."20

Meloy describes Theodore Bundy as "a contemporary sexual psychopath."21 Moreover, he speaks of other sexually psychopathic serial murderers and entertains the contention by Lunde, among others, that there is a temporal coupling of erotic stimulation and violence in the childhood histories of what they call sexually psychopathic serial murderers.

I use the term psychopathic sexual sadist to define the psychopathology of a specific group of offenders, who have a dual diagnosis of psychopathy as defined by the studies of Dr. Robert Hare12,22,23 as well as the references to antisocial personality disorder and sexual sadism as defined in DSM-IV (1994). I suggest that the dual diagnosis of psychopathic sexual sadism best describes offenders who obtain intense sexual arousal while violating their victims and engage in sexually sadistic activities including torture, mutilation, and/or killing to achieve sexual gratification. In my opinion, psychopathy coupled with sexual sadism and evidence of deviant sexual arousal clearly indicates dangerousness and the potential for recidivism. For a more complete discussion of this dynamic, I recommend Chapter 14 in the textbook, Sex-Related Homicide and Death Investigation: Practical and Clinical Perspectives.24

Crime Scene and Profile: Characteristics of Organized and Disorganized

Murderers

The organized and disorganized dichotomy devised by the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit is a description of criminal offender typologies. The information presented here as it relates to the phenomena of organized and disorganized offenders is based upon the studies and research of the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit, personal interviews with members of this unit, research in the field, and my experience with these types of cases. The terms organized and disorganized are excellent descriptions of human behaviors as they relate to the characteristics of sex-related murderers. It is important to note, however, that a combination of organized and disorganized behaviors may be evidenced in a crime scene, which in effect presents a "mixed" personality profile. In my opinion, most events consist of a mix of organized and disorganized traits. (See Table 21.1 and Table 21.2.)

These are not clinical classifications, but they are based upon recognized psychological definitions and clinical diagnoses. The organized offender can be compared to the person suffering from an antisocial personality disorder. (However, I use the terms psychopath and psychopathy because they are more meaningful in the descriptive characteristics of this specific type of offender.) The disorganized offender presents behaviors, which may evince indications of a psychosis, such as schizophrenic disorders and/or paranoid diagnosis.

Table 21.1 Profile Characteristics of Organized and Disorganized

Murders

Organized Disorganized

Average to above average intelligence Below average intelligence

Socially competent Socially inadequate

Skilled work preferred Unskilled work

Sexually competent Sexually incompetent

High birth order status Low birth order status

Father's work/stable Father's work/unstable

Inconsistent childhood discipline Harsh discipline as child

Controlled mood during crime Anxious mood during crime

Use of alcohol with crime Minimal use of alcohol

Precipitating situational stress Minimal situational stress

Living with partner Living alone

Mobility with car in good condition Lives/works near crime scene

Follows crime in news media Minimal interest in news media

May change jobs or leave town Significant behavior change (drug/alcohol abuse, religiosity, etc.)

Source: Reprinted from the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, August 1985.

Table 21.2 Crime Scene Differences between

Organized and Disorganized Murders

Organized Disorganized

Planned offense Spontaneous offense

Victim a targeted stranger Victim/location known

Personalizes victim Depersonalizes victim

Controlled conversation Minimal conversation

Crime scene reflects overall control Crime scene random and sloppy

Demands submissive victim Sudden violence to victim

Restraints used Minimal use of restraints

Aggressive acts prior to death Sexual acts after death

Body hidden Body left in view

Weapon/evidence absent Evidence/weapon often present

Transports victim or body Body left at death scene

Source: Reprinted from the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, August 1985.

The following organized and disorganized profiles are examples of investigative assessment. These profiles, however, do not provide for local geography, demography, sociology, ethnic make-up, forensics, victimology, or special considerations unique to the local area.

The investigator is advised that these generic profiles are provided as a basic investigative tool for the purposes of focusing investigative resources on specific classifications of personality early in the investigation. (A more comprehensive criminal personality profile can be obtained through VICAP at the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Behavioral Science Unit, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, 22135.)

Note how Table 21.1 and Table 21.2 compare with these clinical descriptions. However, it should be noted that the organized/disorganized classifications go into much more investigative detail. The expertise of the criminal profiler rests in his or her ability to identify the clusters of information, which demonstrate the psychopathology of the event and provide an insight into the behavioral make-up of the offender.

The Organized Offender

Age: This offender is approximately the same age as his victim. The mean or average age is usually under 35 years old. However, the age range is from 18 to 45 years of age.

Sex: Male

Race: He is usually the same race as the victim. However, the investigator should consider local ethnic make-up, victimology, geography, customs, culture, and other considerations unique to the area of the offense, especially in prostitute murders.

Marital status: He is married or living with a partner. This type of offender is sexually competent and usually has a significant female in his relationship.

Education/intelligence level: This offender is of normal to superior intelligence. He is also street-wise. He has completed high school and may have some college experience. However, in school he was a disciplinary problem. He was known as a troublemaker due to his senseless and aggressive acts against others. He would be considered academically an underachiever.

Socioeconomic level: This offender is middle class.

Mental health history: None

Physical characteristics: He is usually well-built and tends to take good care of himself.

Residence: He lives some distance from the crime scene. (The exception to this is in the first offense — many times, it is close to home.) Lives in a middleclass rental. Takes good care of his residence. Married or may be living with a significant female in his life.

Automobile: It is a middle-class vehicle. It may be a sedan or possibly a station wagon. The auto may be dark in color and may resemble local police cars. This vehicle will be clean and well maintained. In the event that you believe your offender to be in his early 20s, expect him to drive a red or black "muscle" or macho type vehicle. Expect the offender to have a similarly colored vehicle if a pick-up truck is a masculine status symbol in the area of investigation.

Employment: This offender has the ability to handle almost any type of employment. However, he tends to seek jobs that project a "macho" image. Some examples include truck driver, bartender, construction worker, cowboy, security guard, police officer, firearm, paramedic, gunsmith, demolition worker, or possibly a job which brings the offender into contact with bloodshed and death. His work record will be sporadic. He may have a reputation for walking off the job or being fired for unsatisfactory perfor-

Figure 21.6 SERIAL KILLING. This female victim was sadistically tortured and killed. Note that the body is partially clothed, but has been arranged so as to expose the breasts and vagina. This homicide was the first in a series of killings by a sadistic sexual psychopath. The body had been purposefully displayed by the offender. (Courtesy of Delaware State Police.) mance. His job is usually some distance from the crime scene. However, the crime scene may be along the route he takes to and from his place of employment.

Military history: He volunteered in the Army or Marines. He may have been discharged under other than honorable conditions. While in the service, he was a disciplinary problem, AWOL, fights, etc.

Arrest record: Arrests have been for interpersonal violence, sex offenses. He may have a poor driving record with DWI arrests as well as traffic violations including parking tickets, which have not been paid. The interpersonal violence arrests, if any, will involve sadistic acts and/or beatings beyond the normal "fist fight," which indicate extreme cruelty and violence. He likes to "hurt" those with whom he is angry and probably planned his assaults with this objective in mind.

General Behavior Characteristics

1. This type of person fits well in society. Contemporary in style.

2. He is a gregarious, out-going person — seemingly the type of person with whom you might want to be friends. However, you soon realize that this out-going person is actually a self-centered individual who cares only about himself. His social nature is actually a facade.

3. He is a good talker, socially competent with good interpersonal skills. He uses these skills in a manipulative manner and usually gets his way with people.

Figure 21.7 SERIAL KILLING — ORGANIZED OFFENDER. This is the second victim of the same serial killer. This offense took place approximately 6 months later. She also has been sadistically tortured and killed. However, note the progression of the offense. Sexual sadism is recognized as a progressive disorder. The injuries to this victim were even more severe than those of the first victim. She is totally nude and there is evidence of severe breast assault as well as additional injuries of torture, including paddling. The body has been provocatively displayed in a public area by the killer for the purposes of "shock value." There were a total of five female victims. (Courtesy of retired Captain George O'Haggerty, New Castle County, Delaware, Department of Public Safety.) Author's note: These offenses, which occurred 6 months apart, took place under the jurisdiction of two separate law enforcement agencies: New Castle County and the Delaware State Police. Early in the case, I was invited to review the investigation with the respective lead detectives, who had immediately recognized the murders as the work of a possible serial killer. Due to the cooperation and intelligent exchange of information among investigators and between the agencies involved, this case was effectively and successfully cleared.

4. He is irresponsible and indifferent to the welfare of society. He only cares about himself and does not think anything of hurting others.

5. He can be described as a ladies' man; he is known to frequent bars and lounges noted for large numbers of female patrons.

6. He dresses well, wears designer clothes, and is style conscious.

7. He dates frequently with many different women. He has multiple sex partners and is known to brag about his sexual conquests.

8. He is methodical and cunning. He plans his crimes and selects his victims. He selects the site and is known to research his craft.

9. He travels frequently and cruises seeking the right victim. He is known for his mobility and drives a car in good condition. He lives some distance from the actual crime scene. (Note: the exception to this is usually in the first incident, which often is close to the offender's home or place of work.)

10. Acquaintances know him to have a violent temper and usually try to avoid becoming involved in any arguments with him out of fear or a desire to keep the peace.

Figure 21.8 SERIAL KILLING — ORGANIZED OFFENDER. This was the third victim of the serial killer. Her body was dumped into the Chesapeake–Delaware Canal. The killer became aware that the authorities had linked these series of killings through blue carpet fibers recovered from the bodies of the first two victims. An inappropriate news release by someone in the FBI alerted the suspect, who began dumping the bodies in water to eliminate the blue carpet fiber evidence. (Courtesy of retired Captain George O'Haggerty, New Castle County, Delaware, Department of Public Safety.)

11. When insulted or threatened, he will respond with violence — if not immediately, within a very short time. He externalizes his anger and is known to hold a grudge. This person cannot accept criticism.

12. He is a "pathological liar" who makes promises he has no intention of keeping and cannot be relied upon to keep his word.

13. He does not meet his financial obligations.

14. He feels no guilt or remorse for his actions. He is an amoral person, who usually blames his troubles on others.

15. He is a "chameleon" personality who leads a compartmentalized lifestyle.

16. He does not alter his behavior as a result of punishment. He fails to learn from his mistakes and will often repeat the same offense. When he gets caught, he will say he is sorry. However, what he really means is that he is sorry he got caught.

17. He is a consummate actor. He can play any role he desires. He has the ability to go in and out of feelings, cry real tears, evoke sympathy, and manipulate people's feelings.

18. He has a history of physical and/or sexual abuse by a female parent or parent figure. This is important information for the structuring of any interviews

of this type personality. (This type may react to "cycle of abuse" syndrome to explain his crimes.)

19. The triad is three significant components which form a pattern of behaviors among offenders involved in lust murders and serial killings. These activities include childhood cruelty to animals (for this type of offender, the severe cruelty involves sadistic acts, e.g., disemboweling the family cat), childhood fire setting (for this type of offender, the arson causes damage), and childhood bed wetting or enuersis. These three factors can be used to predict violent behavior, such as antisocial personality disorder.

20. He has high birth order status and may be a first-born son.

21. Childhood discipline was inconsistent.

22. His father's work is known to be stable.

23. This offender may select a victim who resembles a significant female in his life or choose victims of similar appearance, occupation, or lifestyle.

24. He selects victims he can control and dominate. This type of offender demands a submissive victim.

25. The crime scene will reflect controlled rage. Restraints will have been used. Items such as ropes, chains, tape, belts, pieces of the victim's clothing, gags, handcuffs, and/or blindfolds may be evident.

26. This type of offender will possess a "murder kit," which will consist of weapons and/or restraints brought to and taken from the scene.

27. There will be evidence of torture, rape, and aggressive acts prior to death. This includes sexual experimentation with live victims.

28. This offender collects "trophies" of his victims as opposed to souvenirs, which are items taken by the disorganized type of offender. The trophies may be in the form of costume jewelry or other personal items of the deceased. The organized offender has been known to present such items to significant females in his life as a gift, which actually serves as a psychological remembrance of the event and provides the offender with a continuance of the fantasy.

29. He follows the news media and may keep news clippings of the event. He reads the daily newspapers, listens to the radio, and watches T.V. in order to judge the extent of the police investigation. This type of offender concentrates and focuses on police statements.

30. He may communicate with authorities. Sometimes this type of offender likes to bait the police with information or he may communicate through the media. This type of activity on the part of the offender has as its objective the continuation of the fantasy. It also serves to reinforce the offender's feeling of superiority over the police. This type of offender is encouraged by the apparent inability of the police to solve the crime and takes great pleasure in designing his communications to frustrate and confuse the authorities.

It should be noted that this type of offender can be stressed through the effective utilization of "proactive techniques." Any subsequent news releases by the agency should be designed with this purpose in mind.

31. This type of offender may hang around establishments frequented by the police for the purposes of overhearing some shop talk about the crime. He is usually thought of as a police buff or friendly nuisance.

32. He is angry or depressed before the crime.

33. Precipitating situational stressors include problems with money, work, or women prior to the crime.

34. This type of offender may exhibit a fascination with firearms, guns, explosives, etc.

35. He will transport the victim or body.

36. This type of offender will usually conceal the body to hide it from authorities. The exception is the organized offender who wishes to make a statement by blatantly displaying the body for shock value.

37. This offender many times has a collection of S&M pornography and shows an avid interest in torture, sadistic fantasies, and bondage materials. Also, some research indicates a propensity for detective types of magazines which describe particularly brutal sex crimes and the police investigation techniques. In some instances, the crime scene and the activities engaged in by the offender will be similar to specific sadistic acts as portrayed in the pornographic materials collected by the offender. This is important investigative information, especially when considering the search warrant application.

38. This type of offender, who is focusing on the media as well as assessing the police investigation, may change jobs or leave town after a homicide if he feels threatened.

39. He has also been known to involve himself in the police investigation by providing information to authorities or participating in searches for the body.

Remember: The organized offender plans the crime, selects the site, stalks the victim, and researches his craft. He needs to be in control, especially during the crime. Use this against him.1

Ted Bundy: Serial Killer — Offender Profile

On January 24, 1989, convicted murderer and serial killer Theodore Robert Bundy was finally executed in Florida's electric chair for the 1978 abduction and murder of 12-year-old Kimberly Diane Leach, the last of his many victims.

Ted Bundy, who has been described as charming, charismatic, intelligent, and articulate, was in fact a classic organized offender, who killed over 30 young women in various jurisdictions of the northwestern United States and Florida between 1973

Figure 21.9 TED BUNDY SHORTLY BEFORE EXECUTION. Ted Bundy (right) is giving a statement to now retired Supervisory Special Agent William Hagmaier (left) of the FBI. This photo, taken on January 23, 1989, is one of the last photos taken of this infamous serial killer, who was responsible for the deaths of over 30 young women (see interview). (Courtesy of Supervisory Special Agent William Hagmaier, FBI.)

and 1978. He was finally apprehended after a crude, murderous, and animal-like rampage in Florida where he killed two college coeds at the Chi Omega sorority house, left three others for dead, and 2 weeks later ravaged and killed young Kimberly Leach.

Clinically speaking, Ted Bundy was a sexual psychopath who enjoyed killing women in the context of expressing his sadistic sexual fantasies. Obsessed with the idea of total possession of his victims, Ted Bundy killed with impunity until the end, when he regressed into the classic disorganized offender.

In death, the activities and revelations of Ted Bundy will continue to be analyzed as psychiatrists, psychologists, and other behavioral scientists theorize about and attempt to explain the rationale behind this modern day horror. A number of books and articles have been written about Bundy that provide interesting information about his life and his murderous activities.

The Only Living Witness (1989 updated version)26 by Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth provides an excellent insight into the mind of Ted Bundy, the serial killer, as Bundy relates to the authors, in the third person, how such an offender might think. However, the most dramatic disclosures, which finally revealed the "entity" of Ted Bundy, took place on death row in Florida State Prison during the final hours of Bundy's life in January 1989. The following information relative to Ted Bundy was provided to me during a personal interview with Supervisory Special Agent Bill Hagmaier on November 20, 1989, and updated in March 1995, and May 2005.27

Offender Profile Program

William Hagmaier, now a retired Supervisory Special Agent, was assigned to the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit at Quantico, Virginia. He first met Theodore Bundy as part of the FBI's efforts to gain a better understanding of serial killers and their crimes. Hagmaier became Bundy's official contact with the FBI and maintained intermittent correspondence with the serial killer who, although he refused to admit any guilt, never denied his involvement in the crimes.

Background

At 41 years of age at the time of the interview, Hagmaier was just a year younger than Ted Bundy. Over a period of some 4 years, Hagmaier visited Bundy at Florida State Prison on a number of occasions. They began to exchange letters and greeting cards regularly. As they got to know each other, they established a relationship based on mutual understanding and trust.

Bundy, according to Hagmaier, perceived himself as very intellectual. He liked to challenge the system and to play mind games. According to Hagmaier,

Bundy even told me that he had tested my motives. However, I was totally honest with him. I even told him I thought he deserved the full penalty of the law for what he had done. I think it became clear to him after a while that I wasn't trying to judge him. I wasn't trying to get any new evidence on him, I wasn't writing a book or trying to profit from him. What I wanted from him was information on the thinking of serial killers.

In life, Ted Bundy became the subject of interest to many writers and clinicians as they attempted to recreate and present the motivations and machinations of such a sophisticated serial killer. It flattered his ego that so many psychiatrists, psychologists, reporters, and writers were interested in interviewing him. As he stated to Hagmaier, "It became almost like an acting role. The more the actor acts in a role, the better he becomes at it, the more he is apt to feel comfortable in it, to be able to do things spontaneously."

Eventually, Bundy began to communicate more freely with Hagmaier. A former law school student, Ted Bundy apparently enjoyed sharing his insights into criminal investigations. In fact, according to Hagmaier, Bundy would provide him with his insights into other murders across the country. Hagmaier stated, "Those he chose to discuss were somewhat similar to his crimes and his insights were very good."27

Bundy indicated to the FBI agent that he trusted him. He even told Hagmaier that if he ever decided to be totally candid about his activities, he would ask for him to be there. In the last few days before his execution, Bundy, who had maintained his innocence throughout the appeals process, made a last-ditch effort to prolong his life by offering to provide authorities with additional information and confessions on open homicide cases. At Bundy's request, Agent Hagmaier was contacted and requested to participate in the negotiations.

In fact, Bill Hagmaier was the only law enforcement person that Ted Bundy would see alone, and he insisted that Hagmaier be present when he was interviewed by other investigators. It was during these last 4 days before execution that Bundy confessed to the murders of over 30 young women and girls.

Hagmaier sat through each of the confessions, which consisted of 11 murders in Washington, three in Colorado, eight in Utah, three in Florida, two in Idaho, two in Oregon, and one in California.

Supervisory Special Agent Hagmaier was directly responsible for obtaining the confessions and facilitating the opportunity for law enforcement officials to meet with Ted Bundy during the week prior to his execution.

Investigative Analysis

According to Hagmaier, Bundy's attacks on women centered around control and total domination. Bundy wanted his victims to be totally submissive and, in some instances, performed necrophilia shortly after killing them. Hagmaier stated that most of the murders that Bundy told him about were planned with the exception of five or six, which were committed impulsively. In fact, his first killing was an impulsive act of displaced aggression. Bundy's plans involved sadistic fantasies with a combination of sex and violence featuring a dominant male and a submissive and terrified female. All of his victims were raped, traumatized, and then killed.

The victim would be directed to act in a certain way or dress in a certain way thereby affording Bundy a firsthand "experience" of his fantasy. In fact, some of his victims were discovered in clothes they had never previously worn and the bodies indicated that their hair had been washed and fresh fingernail polish had been applied to their fingernails. According to Hagmaier, Bundy admitted that he had his victims recreate the covers of detective magazines or scenes from "slasher" movies for him. Sometimes, he took Polaroid snapshots of the young women during these sessions and kept them as souvenirs. "When you work hard to do something right," he confided to Hagmaier, "you don't want to forget it." Also, Bundy confirmed for Hagmaier a horror that other investigators had long suspected. On the day that he kidnapped Janice Ott and Denise Naslund from Lake Sammamish, he kept both alive for a while. One had to watch the other die.

According to Hagmaier, Bundy would first select a disposal site. He would then plan on targeting a specific type of victim by age, physical appearance, dress, etc. Hagmaier said that Bundy "thought of himself as a predator. He liked the hunt as much as the kill, and he selected what he called "worthy prey," which he described as attractive, intelligent young women with good backgrounds." Hagmaier added, "It was the thrill of the hunt and the challenge. It was competitive for him in a heinous way."

Bundy would approach his victims and make verbal contact while faking an injury. He would have his arm in a sling or would be using crutches while he asked for help. Ironically, Bundy had picked up this technique while participating in a psychology course designed to examine whether people would be more trusting if a person asking for help appeared disabled, wearing a cast or using crutches. During his "official" mode, Bundy would pretend to be a police officer when approaching potential victims. In fact, he had tried to abduct a young woman named Carol DaRonch in Salt Lake City while posing as a plainclothes police officer.

Bundy told Hagmaier that he usually was drinking before his homicidal hunts. He would kill his victims by ligature strangulation as he was having sex with them and then later dispose of their bodies at a preselected burial site. In his official confessions, Bundy told how he strangled his victims with lengths of rope, sometimes even as he raped them. After killing, he said, he beheaded at least a dozen of the corpses with hacksaws. Sometimes he cut off the hands as well.

Bundy told Hagmaier of the spiritual oneness he achieved with his victims:

You feel the last bit of breath leaving their body. You're looking into their eyes. A person in that situation is God! You then possess them and they shall forever be a part of you. And the grounds where you kill them or leave them become sacred to you, and you will always be drawn back to them.27

Hagmaier said, "Bundy could never understand why people couldn't accept the fact that he killed because he wanted to kill. He did it of his own volition. Although he chose the time, the place, and method, people were always looking for some mysterious reason for his motivation."27

Instead, Bundy had a conscious, detailed plan to kill. He selected the burial site beforehand, he selected a location where he could act upon his fantasy, he stalked a specific type of victim, and then he acted upon his sadistic fantasies dehumanizing the victim. This organized offender was able consciously to keep his heinous criminal behavior separate from his day-to-day "normal" life. According to Hagmaier, "Bundy had an uncanny ability to compartmentalize. He could actually disassociate himself from these brutal and sadistic crimes."27

Postcrime Behavior

According to Hagmaier, Bundy concentrated and focused upon police statements about the crimes and adjusted his activities accordingly. In fact, he revealed that his success at avoiding apprehension was directly attributable to the inappropriate and revealing press releases made by certain police authorities during the investigation as well as the obvious failure of police agencies to cooperate with one another and share information relative to their cases. Bundy returned to certain burial sites available to him and was able to assess the police investigation as well as change the crime scene. This often was based upon the news media information, which had been provided by the authorities. He engaged in dismemberment and decapitation to preclude identification of the bodies.

Hagmaier said that Bundy also engaged in necrophilia with the corpses of some of his victims. The dissection of the bodies was for the purposes of transportation and/or making the crime appear to have a different modus operandi. In some instances, he carried the heads around with him for days. Bundy told Hagmaier that he had as many as four heads of his victims at home with him at one time.

He had even incinerated one of the heads of his victims in his girlfriend's fireplace. He buried some of his victims, placed others in the water, and spread the remains of his victims between burial sites.

Bundy was extremely conscious of the value of forensic evidence and took pains to assure that he had left no traces behind. He told Hagmaier that on one occasion, he had steam-cleaned his car three times to assure that no evidence would be available for authorities. This included cleaning the car inside and out and even changing the car's upholstery.

Ironically, one of the most crucial pieces of evidence introduced at Bundy's trial was forensic evidence in the form of bite marks upon one of the Chi Omega coeds. Despite his clever attempts to avoid detection, Ted Bundy apparently was not aware of the then relatively new technique of forensic odontology. In fact, the Bundy case firmly established the use of forensic dentistry in future murder trials across the United States.

Conclusion

I have provided this section on Special Agent Hagmaier's interview of Ted Bundy because Bundy represented the epitome of the serial killer. He was an organized offender with a psychopathic personality that enabled him to manipulate people and systems right to the very end. In my professional opinion as an expert in homicide investigation, the information relative to the inappropriate news releases, as well as law enforcement agencies' inability to cooperate with one another, should be considered by law enforcement professionals as an investigative precaution.

Additional Information on Ted Bundy

In the summer of 1995, Dr. Robert Kepple, Ph.D., who was the chief criminal investigator for the Washington State Attorney General's Office authored a book entitled, The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer.28 The book was based upon Bob Kepple's experiences with the original Ted Bundy killings in Washington State as well as a number of other serial murder cases, upon which Kepple was requested to consult. The focus of the book was Ted Bundy, who offered to assist authorities in the infamous "Green River" serial murder case investigation and the subsequent conversations between Ted Bundy and Bob Kepple. This book provided readers with a valuable resource of information about serial killers and the exploitive nature of a man like Ted Bundy, who attempted to manipulate an entire criminal justice system.

On November 30, 2001, 52-year-old Gary Leon Ridgway was arrested for the murders of 16-year-old Opal Charmaine Mills, 31-year-old Marcia Faye Chapman, 17-year-old Cynthia Jean Hinds, and 21-year-old Carol Christensen. The authorities were able to match Ridgway's DNA to that found on three of the victims. The fourth victim was matched through circumstantial evidence. In March 2001, the laboratory began testing the evidence. The lab was using short tandem repeat testing, or STR, which only became available in 1997. In September 2001, The Washington State Crime Lab was able to match Ridgway to three of the murder victims based on a buccal cell sample taken from Ridgway in 1987.29

In 2005, Keppel revised and updated his book30 with the details and confessions of Gary Leon Ridgeway, the infamous "Green River Killer." Some interesting points of reference within the book are listed briefly as follows:

• Ted Bundy was reading voraciously from detective magazines and books, gaining valuable information about how police investigators perform their duties (p. 41).

• Bundy would move around the body parts of his victims in order to confuse authorities and escape detection (p. 34).

• Disinformation is probably the best way to lure a serial killer out into the open because serial killers carefully read the newspaper accounts of their crimes (p. 84).

• Serial killers often change their M.O. during a series of killings for a variety of reasons, one of which is to throw investigators off track (p. 149).

• In serial murder cases, usually the first and the last cases are most revealing about the suspect (p. 171).

• Experience in serial murder cases has shown that the highest investigative priority must be given to isolating, as accurately as possible, the dates and times victims were last seen and to delineating their activity patterns up to the times of their disappearances (p. 174).

• Ted Bundy revealed his expertise as a serial killer hunter by explaining to Kepple that Bundy's preferred strategy for catching the Green River Killer would be to put a newly discovered dump site under surveillance. Bundy explained that the "Riverman" (as he referred to the Green River Killer) would be someone who had a sensitivity to and knowledge of the "scene": the lifestyle, habits, movements, hangouts, and likes and dislikes of the women he was hunting from the time he started pursuing his victims. Bundy hinted that the Riverman would be part of that "scene" (p. 203).

• Bundy told Kepple that the Riverman had come to know his class of victims and their lifestyles in an intimate way that allowed him to manipulate and lure them to him (p. 204).

• The serial killer does not want to get caught, so he will make changes in his behavior to stay ahead of investigators and avoid publicity (p. 244).

• Leaving a victim nude is the best way to leave the least amount of evidence — no fibers, hairs, etc. (p. 301). The serial killer wants to make sure the authorities are deprived of any evidence. He has read enough detective magazines and newspapers to realize that clothing may provide the police with clues (p. 320).

• Another way of disposing of the clothes according to Bundy was simply to throw items out of the car as he was driving along. His rationale was that trash is picked along the highway all the time. He also suggested burning the clothes or burying them (p. 321).

• Regarding the interview of serial killers, Kepple's book indicates some of the following information:

• Bundy emphasized the urgency of immediately interviewing any suspected serial killer as soon as possible before his denial sets in (p. 330).

Author's note: If the serial killer is caught in the act, such as Joel Rifkin, who was apprehended by New York State troopers with a body in the back of his truck, he will usually be so overwhelmed that he will make statements. In the Rifkin case, authorities were provided with statements linking the suspect to 18 serial murders. Likewise in the BTK case, when the Wichita homicide and KBI agents surrounded Dennis Rader and took him by complete surprise, he was overwhelmed and authorities were able to obtain valuable statements from their suspect.

• The serial killer has the advantage in an interview situation because only he knows all the facts of the murder. Thus, the savvy serial killer knows when the police are fishing for details and need him to make the case (p. 331).

• Bundy suggested that the detective needs to display an active interest in or a fascination for murder. However, he felt that some crimes were so embarrassing that he could not even talk about them. Ted Bundy talked about how some murders are O.K. and others are too bad to talk about. He referred to these emotional attachments to victims as the killers' soft spots (p. 336).

• The art of interviewing a serial killer was clearly to interview without being judgmental (p. 339).

• Ted Bundy explained why one category of serial killers was willing to confess. Their murdering careers are short in duration and they are called short-term serial killers. They had not had the time to strengthen their psychological framework in order to build up barriers of denial and need for self-preservation, which takes years to accomplish (p. 342).

• Interviewing someone and allowing him to respond in the third person may open lines of communication (p. 350).

• During the hours immediately after the killing, the serial killer is extremely vulnerable to detection (p. 420).30

In Bob Keppel's revised book,30 it is interesting to note that Bundy's profile and predictions about the Green River Killer were quite accurate. I have excerpted some information from Keppel's book as well as newspaper reports and public records regarding some of the significant investigative considerations provided by Gary Ridgeway as he made a deal to spare his life when he confessed to 48 of the Green River killings.

Investigative Considerations

• Ridgway called his quest to kill as many prostitutes as possible a career.

• Ridgway told police that he killed about 60 women — so many that he could not keep track of faces, names, or even where he discarded the bodies.

• Ridgway chose prostitutes because he thought they would not be missed.

• He often left the bodies arranged in clusters — groups of three or four — and used landmarks to remember the locations.

• Sometimes he would return to the sites to bury or hide the bodies better and or to have sex with the corpses.

• Ridgway enjoyed taunting the police with false clues such as the pyramid shaped stones he inserted into the body.

• In one case, he put sausage, trout, and a wine bottle on a woman's body.

• Leaving cigarette butts, chewing gum, and other random items was done to confuse and frustrate the police.

• He also cut the victims' fingernails if they had scratched him so there would not be any DNA evidence.

• Ridgway brought the skeletal remains of two women to a suburb of Portland and left them there in an effort to baffle the task force.

• He would take the victims' jewelry and leave it in the ladies' room at his job. Ridgway got a thrill thinking about his female coworkers wearing the dead women's jewelry.

John Robinson Serial Murder Case — Organized Offender

John Robinson was a serial killer responsible for the murders of eight young women in Kansas and Missouri. Robinson was also a psychopathic sexual sadist who killed many of his victims, whom he met via the Internet, to fulfill his lust as a self-proclaimed "slave master." In my opinion, Robinson is the "poster boy" for psychopathy, with his superficial charm and insincerity, his lack of remorse and shame, accompanied by a malignant narcissism.

The investigation, which led to the arrest and prosecution of this psychopath, began with a missing person's case. On March 27, 2000, the Overland Park, Kansas, Police Department notified Lenexa police that a 27-year-old woman named Suzette had been reported missing by her family in Michigan. Suzette had reportedly traveled to Lenexa, Kansas, to take employment with a person named John Robinson who resided in Olathe, Kansas.25

Overland Park detectives advised Lenexa police that John Robinson was a 56-year-old ex-con with an extensive financial crimes record dating back to the 1970s and had served jail time on two Johnson County cases.

Detectives also learned that Robinson had been considered a possible suspect in three other missing persons' cases involving young women in 1984, 1985, and 1987. However, in each of those cases, the police investigation into the missing persons had not been vigorously pursued because the families and friends had received letters and correspondence from the women, indicating that everything was fine, after they had been reported missing.

Overland Park Police Information

• Detectives in Overland Park were well aware of the many scams of John Robinson. Theyhad worked with the FBI in the 1980s relocating a woman who had almost become a potential murder victim. However, they lacked evidence to make an arrest.

• They also worked with a parole officer, who managed to get Robinson's parole revoked,although the revocation was later rescinded.

• When Robinson went to jail, his criminal activities ended for several years.

• The missing persons' cases were relegated to the back burners.

• However, Overland Park immediately realized the significance of the missing persons'cases when Suzette was reported missing.

Missing Persons' Cases

1. Paula was 19 years old when she was reported missing on September 1, 1984. The caseremained unsolved and the police were unable to locate her or develop any evidence of foul play. The missing person's case was still on file in Overland Park. John Robinson's name had come up during the investigation as a possible suspect. However, there was no further evidence.

2. Lisa was also 19 years old when she and her 5-month-old baby, Tiffany, went missingJanuary 11, 1985. The case remained unsolved and the police were unable to locate her or her baby or develop any evidence of foul play. John Robinson's name had also come up during this investigation as someone of interest.

3. Catherine was 27 years old when she was reported missing on June 15, 1987. This casealso remained unsolved. The police, who had been advised that her family received two letters from her after she had disappeared, closed the case. Catherine had come to Overland Park to answer an ad for an executive secretary. A "Mr. Dawson" put her up in a local hotel. The family discovered later that Mr. Dawson was actually John Robinson.

Lenexa Police Investigation

The Lenexa police decided on a task force approach, which would include Overland Park and their Special Investigations Section for surveillance work. Initially, it was thought that Suzette might still be alive. The team concentrated on other occupants of the hotel, associates of Robinson, and the possibility of someone else's involvement. A decision was made not to contact Robinson or talk to anyone who might provide information to him. Retrospectively speaking, this was the best decision the task force could have made.

Tactics

• The investigation began with background checks into Robinson and his activities as wellas the victimology of Suzette.

• Surveillance of Robinson was conducted with "Rent-a-Wreck" cars, which were tradedoff every few days to provide cover.

• Detectives collected Robinson's trash from outside his mobile home. At night, a detectivewould seize the trash. During the daytime, a detective would ride the trash truck.

• During the investigation, several different persons were "trashed" by the task force.

Background Information

Lenexa Police learned through their initial contacts about Suzette's involvement in BDSM, (bondage, discipline and sadomasochism). Lenexa police, who had examined Suzette's e-mail

Figure 21.10 ROBINSON VICTIM IN BDSM PHOTO. This photo depicts what Robinson was doing to his female "slaves." This was one of hundreds of images that Robinson had on his computers, which were presented in courts as evidence against him and enabled the authorities to identify additional victims. (Courtesy of Detective Sergeant Rick Roth, Lenexa,

Kansas, Police Department.)

account, became aware of several contacts between Suzette and two Canadian women, who also were into the BDSM scene and had befriended Suzette in the past. These women later became crucial sources of information as they assisted the detectives by maintaining e-mail correspondence with Robinson, who was unaware that police were monitoring his activities.

The first couple of weeks brought several positive developments in the "trashing" operations. It was discovered that Robinson had three storage lockers: one in Olathe, close to his residence, and two others in Raymore, Missouri, outside Kansas City. To keep it a secret from his wife, one of the Raymore lockers did not have her name on the lease and was paid for in cash. Cameras and VHS recorders were placed on all three sites. The manager advised police that the unit was rented in the name of Beverly, supposedly John's sister. Robinson had advised the manager not to send him any billings because he would drop by and pay as needed.

Investigative Information

• Numerous financial papers enabled police to secure credit card and bank statements.

• On March 1, Robinson had checked out Suzette from the Guesthouse hotel and paidthe bill by credit card.

• A mailer receipt from Robinson to a woman in California was found in the trash. TheCalifornia address was where the postmarked letters from Suzette were originating.

Internet Information

The Canadian women who had befriended Suzette were contacted by Robinson, who first pretended to Suzette. The Canadian women kept up their correspondence to assist the Lenexa investigators. Robinson identified himself to one as Jim Turner and as Thomas Anthony Thomas to the other. They also taped their conversations with Robinson.

Additional Information

Lenexa detectives "trashed" Robinson for 2 months and had him under constant surveillance. During this time they learned that Robinson maintained another liaison with a mistress in a duplex in Overland Park. The detectives also followed him when he brought other women to town for his pleasure. Detectives were able to get rooms next door and across the hall from Robinson. The surveillance photographs and overheard conversations proved valuable to the investigation.

Robinson, the "Slave Master"

The police investigation indicated that not only was John Robinson a conman but he fancied himself a "slave master." During the course of the investigation, authorities would become amazed at his ability to lead several different lives. Robinson, who was married, also continued meeting his mistress, Barbara, at the duplex in Overland Park and continually set up meetings with other women on the Internet who were willing participants in

BSDM. Robinson would send them "slave contracts."

The slave contract. The investigators were able to secure a copy of the "slave contract":

I, ________, by my signature and initials on these pages do hereby pledge and give myself as a slave to my MASTER who will hold this contract as his proof of his personal ownership of me.

I pledge my MASTER my complete obedience and will never question his decisions or commands. I hereby offer my MASTER my entire body to use as he wishes for his personal sexual pleasure.

I beg my MASTER to use my breasts and nipples, asshole and pussy, and mouth to serve his needs. I offer myself in this contract knowing that my MASTER will sexually use my body on demand, will discipline me whenever and however he desires, and will punish me as he deems necessary.

As his personal slave, I will follow all rules established by my MASTER and have written each rule as directed by my MASTER. These written rules are hereby made as part of this contract. In addition, I will follow these specific rules:

1. I will always be obedient to my MASTER.

2. I will maintain my body, legs, underarms, and pussy totally shaved at all times.

3. I will contact my MASTER daily before 9:00 A.M. as directed, reaffirm my submission to his dominance, and pledge my body for his personal use.

4. I will not discuss my relationship with my MASTER with others.

5. I will not have physical contact of any kind with anyone but my MASTER.

6. I will maintain a journal in which I will write daily anything I wish to communicateto my MASTER, including my feelings, emotions, concerns, and affection

7. I will at all times maintain my body so that it is ready to be used by my MASTER forhis pleasure.

8. I will accept any training my MASTER determines necessary to make me a better andmore worthy slave. I understand that my MASTER will provide me with a "safe word" to use and that when I use this word, he will immediately discontinue whatever physical discipline I am receiving. I pledge that I will use this "safe word" with caution and never abuse the privilege.

9. Each day I will kneel in the submissive position I have been taught by my MASTERand beg him to use me for his pleasure.

10. I will complete whatever task my MASTER directs and will train my body as directedby my MASTER.

11. I understand that my MASTER may change or add new rules at any time he desires.

12. From the moment I sign this contract I understand that I am the property of myMASTER and he may do with me what he wishes.

(Following the 12 specific rules was a four-paragraph reaffirmation statement, which was then signed with date of birth and the slave's social security number):

I hereby offer myself willingly and freely to my MASTER as his personal slave. I beg my MASTER to use my body and punish as he desires. I fully understand that my MASTER will at times bind me and inflict pain upon me as training or punishment and I beg him to do this.

I accept the entire responsibility of being a willing slave to my MASTER. I understand that from this day forward I will be owned absolutely by my MASTER and that as his slave I have no rights whatsoever. I further acknowledge that this contract may only be terminated by my MASTER.

I willingly sign this contract and beg my MASTER to accept me as his slave and from this date and for long as he wishes to keep me.

I hereby acknowledge by my signature below and as directed have placed my initials on each page of this contract as confirmation that I have completely examined this document and fully comprehend and agree to abide by all of the conditions set forth herein.

I offer this contract to my MASTER of my own free will and beg my MASTER to accept me as his personal slut, whore, and slave.

Vickie

"Vickie" was an attractive, blond psychologist from Texas. She had a Master's degree in counseling and a Ph.D. in clinical psychology. She also had an interest in BDSM. She had posted an ad on a BDSM Web site indicating her desire for a strong male who would be her dominant. Robinson, posing as "JR," began exchanging e-mails and phone calls with Vickie during which time he indicated that he was a prominent businessman and would assist her in getting placement with one of his many doctor and psychologist friends. They agreed to meet. JR wired her $100 and she drove to Kansas City.

Jeanna

Robinson had made arrangements for another woman named "Jeanna" to come to Kansas. She was unemployed and had placed an ad on the Internet seeking a job and relationship as a submissive. Robinson, using the name Jim Turner, responded and sent his Internet photos along with a "slave contract." They had a sexual encounter at the motel after she was beaten and punished for not assuming the position. She was supposed to be naked and kneeling for him. Robinson had asked for her social security number for the employment he was going to provide her. She provided him with a false set of numbers. Robinson gave her $100 and told her to return to Texas, close her accounts, and prepare to return to Kansas.

Investigative Break

Jeanna had become concerned and was feeling angry and humiliated by the abuse she received from "Turner." She contacted management and requested the name of the man

Figure 21.11 SEX TOYS TAKEN FROM "SLAVE." This photo depicts the sex toys that Robinson took from one of his slaves. (Courtesy of Detective Sergeant Rick Roth, Lenexa,

Kansas, Police Department.)

who had checked her into the motel and was informed that his name was not Turner but Robinson. She was visibly upset. The clerk called detectives to advise them of this incident and shortly thereafter the "slave" called police. Two detectives dressed in uniform and responded to the hotel to interview the woman. Robinson's house of cards was about to crumble. Jeanna would become a crucial state's witness. She was debriefed by detectives and relocated to a safe house in case Robinson returned to the motel. The task force now had a live witness who could describe how Robinson lured his victims into sexual torture and dependency before killing them.

Second Investigative Break

The task force received a telephone call from another "slave" wishing to file charges against Robinson. It was Vickie, the woman who had been under observation on April 23 at the Extended Stay hotel in room 120. She told police that she had been a victim of battery and theft and that Robinson had taken her sex toys.

Investigative Status in May 2001

The task force monitoring Robinson now had two chargeable incidents involving him, but neither case related to the missing Suzette. The wiretap indicated that another woman was coming into town from Kentucky to meet Robinson. During the 2-week wiretap, several conversations with his slaves or potential slaves were overheard, but once again no information on Suzette surfaced. In one conversation with the Canadian women, Robinson made some incriminating statements, but certainly not enough to charge him with her disappearance.

Tactical Decision

• Detectives were following Robinson as he visited his mistress as well as three other womenat various motels

• At the same time, he was trying to convince a 14-year-old mother of a 1-month-oldbaby and another young mother of a 7-year-old daughter to come and be his mistresses.

• At this point in the investigation, there was a high level of anxiety surrounding the safetyof all potential victims.

• With potentially five different women and two children involved, it was decided that thetask force could not safely control the situation.

• The decision was made to arrest Robinson for theft and battery as well as to execute aseries of search warrants.

The Arrest and Execution of Search Warrants

On June 2, 2000, Robinson was contacted at his home as officers surrounded the trailer court. The detectives advised him that a complaint had been made against him and that they also had a search warrant. The usual glib and grandiose Robinson was visibly nervous as the police told him that two of his "slaves" had lodged battery and a theft complaints against him.

Detectives found a wealth of evidence in his home. Most of the evidence was contained in his five computers. Forensic computer experts were brought in to assist in extracting the information. The analysis of Robinson's computers was instrumental in linking the various murders and crimes that Robinson had perpetrated over the years. Detectives also recovered some items during the search that were tied to the Overland Park missing women. However, nothing found in the home led directly to the disappearance of Suzette.

Robinson's computer images revealed his intense interest in sadomasochism. He also had computer images of his bound victims. Detectives also found a number of books that Robinson used in his various con man schemes as he purported to be different people. Task force detectives then searched his storage locker. Inside the storage locker were numerous items belonging to the missing Suzette.

Search of the Kansas Storage Locker

• Detectives began locating pictures and documents of the missing women from the 1980s.

• As the detectives continued the search, they recovered sex toys, slave contracts, envelopesaddressed to the missing women's relatives, and blank sheets of paper signed with the names of the missing women.

• In the briefcase, the detectives found sealed envelopes addressed to Suzette's relativesthat had future dates written when the envelope would be posted.

• These dates corresponded to birthdays, anniversaries, etc.

• In addition to these items, the detectives discovered Suzette's birth certificate and otherpersonal items.

• Robinson had also taken a videotape of Suzette.

• Inside the suitcase, the authorities discovered evidence which eventually led to theidentification of four additional homicide victims. Eventually they would be identified as Isabella, Sheila and her daughter Debbie, and Beverly.

Figure 21.12 KANSAS STORAGE LOCKER. This photo depicts the inside of the Kansas storage locker where Robinson kept the property of Suzette. Inside this locker the detectives found a treasure trove of information, including information about the additional victims of the serial killer. (Courtesy of Detective Sergeant Rick Roth, Lenexa, Kansas, Police Department.)

Figure 21.13 THE LINN COUNTY FARM. The search-and-rescue dog teams led authorities to these barrels near a shed. When detectives opened the barrels, they discovered the remains of two of Robinson's victims. (Courtesy of Detective Sergeant Rick Roth, Lenexa, Kansas, Police Department.)

Figure 21.14 DECOMPOSING BODY OF VICTIM. This photo depicts the remains of one of the missing persons. The body was subsequently identified as Suzette. (Courtesy of Detective Sergeant Rick Roth, Lenexa, Kansas, Police Department.)

The Linn County Search

On June 3, detectives went to Robinson's 17-acre farm with three search-and-rescue dog teams. The dog teams then systematically searched the grounds and led investigators to some barrels near a shed. When the two barrels were opened, detectives discovered two decomposing bodies. The first body was that of Suzette and the second body was identified as Isabella. Suzette had been found with an additional murder victim.

Raymore, Missouri, Storage Unit

Task force detectives discovered three covered barrels wrapped in plastic with kitty litter around the base. Technicians opened one barrel and found a shoe on top with a foot attached to it. The initial reaction was that the bodies of the three missing women from Overland had been found. However, the detectives realized that Robinson did not have the Raymore locker in the 1980s. Detectives suddenly had that "gut" feeling that the body count had just gone up. These additional victims were identified as Sheila, Debbie, and Beverly.

Sheila and Debbie

Sheila and her daughter, Debbie, left Colorado in the spring of 1994 to go to Kansas to meet a man named "John." Sheila had told her friends that she met John on the Internet and he offered to take care of her and Debbie. Sheila and her husband had taken good care of their daughter; however, her husband had died in 1991. They received monthly Social Security checks of $1016, but Sheila needed more money to care for Debbie. When John heard about their problems and their monthly checks, he insisted they come to Kansas. Sheila had asked her neighbor to keep track of her mail, which included Debbie's disability check. After Sheila and Debbie disappeared, their mail was forwarded to a mail room in Olathe, Kansas. The mailbox was rented to a James Turner. Robinson had picked up the checks at that location since 1994.

Figure 21.15 DECOMPOSING BODY IN BARREL. The second body discovered on the Linn County property was identified as Isabella, who had also been reported missing. (Courtesy of Detective Sergeant Rick Roth, Lenexa, Kansas, Police Department.)

Figure 21.16 RAYMORE, MISSOURI, BARRELS. This photo shows an investigator processing barrels at the Raymore, Missouri, storage locker. Detectives found three additional bodies at this location. (Courtesy of Detective Sergeant Rick Roth, Lenexa, Kansas, Police Department.)

Beverly

Beverly, who worked at Western Missouri Correctional Center, was married to a doctor at the facility. Beverly worked at the prison library and met John Robinson while he was an inmate and incarcerated. They became romantically involved. When Robinson left prison, he offered her employment at Hydro-Gro. In 1994, Beverly divorced her husband and left for Kansas. Beverly and Robinson filed corporation papers for Hydro-Gro listing Beverly as president and "James Turner" as secretary. John had rented a box at the mail room in Olathe. Beverly's ex-husband mailed the monthly $1000 alimony checks to this location and John received them. Beverly had signed blank pieces of paper for letters that appeared to come from Europe and were mailed to her friends, who did not see or hear from her after 1994.

Task Force Investigation Revelations

• The checks that Robinson received from Sheila and Debbie and Beverly amounted to$97,748. He bilked the government out of $105,320.30 for an alleged disability.

• There was considerable financial gain in these crimes.

• Investigators retrieved the letters sent to Beverly's relatives and recovered Robinson's

DNA.

• Robinson had had one of his mistresses, who spent considerable time overseas, mailthese letters as a favor for his daughter.

• This was the same M.O. he used with Suzette. Letters had been sent from California andMexico to Suzette's family.

• Robinson also used the mother of a maintenance man who worked at the trailer courtto send from Mexico letters which Robinson gave him.

Bizarre Twist in the Case

Detectives were advised to look into the adoption of a little girl by Robinson's brother Donald in 1985. Donald and his wife were unable to have children and asked his brother John if he could help in the search. John asked his brother for $2000 up-front money to be paid to an attorney in Kansas City. In January, 1985, John called his brother and stated that he had a little girl for them.

Robinson had killed Lisa for her baby, Tiffany, so he could sell the child to his brother and make an additional fee for arranging the adoption. Donald Robinson had given his brother John an additional $7000 for the adoption and lawyer's fees. Donald never met the lawyer; Robinson handled everything

At the time of Robinson's arrest, Tiffany was a 15-year-old teenager who had been named Heather Robinson by her adopted family. DNA analysis and footprints revealed her to be Tiffany. Apparently, John had duped his sister-in-law and his brother into believing the adoption was legitimate; they were innocent pawns in one of his financial schemes.

In order for John Robinson to find the "right" baby for his brother, he created the scam of putting up single women with newborns at local hotels. That was how he gained access to Lisa and Tiffany. John was looking for a white baby. However, in order to satisfy the requirements of various agencies, he was required to take in black females as well.

Disposition

John Robinson was charged with the murders of Lisa, Suzette, and Isabella in Johnson County, Kansas. He was charged with the thefts and batteries of the two women from Texas, which broke the case. Robinson was not charged in the disappearances of Paula and Catherine due to lack of evidence. He was also charged in Cass County, Missouri, with the murders of Beverly, Sheila, and Debbie. He went to trial in Kansas in 2002 and was convicted of the deaths. He received the death penalty.

In October 2003, John Robinson admitted to the Missouri murders of Beverly, Sheila, and her 16-year-old daughter Debbie to avoid the death penalty. Robinson also admitted killing two women in the 1980s whose bodies were never found. Those women were identified as Paula and Catherine. The remains of Lisa have never been found. John Robinson received a sentence of life in prison without parole for each count.

Acknowledgments

For their contributions to this information and materials for this particular case in this textbook, I wish to acknowledge the following members of Lenexa, Kansas, Police Department: Chief Ellen Hanson, Captain John Meier and Detective Sergeant Rick Roth, along with Detective Jack Boyer, Detective Dave Brown, Detective Perry Meyers, Detective Dawn Layman, Detective Rick Dugan, and Detective Brad Hill; the following members of the Overland Park, Kansas, Police Department: Captain Keith O'Neal and Detective Greg Wilson, along with Sergeant Joe Reed, Detective Mike Jacobson (computer forensics), Detective Scott Weiler, and Detective B.J. Hohnholt. I also wish to acknowledge the excellent prosecution work performed by District Attorney Paul Morrison and Assistant District Attorney Sara Welch. In addition, I want to acknowledge the assistance and help I received from two very close friends in the Kansas Bureau of Investigation: Director Larry Welch and Assistant Director Larry Thomas.

The Disorganized Offender

Age: These offenders range in age from 16 to their late 30s. The age of the victim does not matter to the offender. The selected victim is simply a victim of opportunity who happens to be at the wrong place at the wrong time. Research indicates that many of these offenders experience their acting-out phase between the ages of 17 and 25.

Sex: Male

Race: The offender is usually the same race as the victim. However, the investigator should consider the local ethnic make-up of the area, victimology, geography, customs, culture, and other considerations unique to the area of offense, especially in prostitute murders.

Marital status: He is single.

Education/intelligence level: He is a high school drop-out or has possibly attended community college. His intelligence is below average. He is considered a marginal student.

Socioeconomic level: He is lower to middle class.

Mental health history: This type of offender may have some history of mental disorders or have been treated for depression as an outpatient. If he did receive any professional help, he may have been classified as exhibiting schizoid behavior.

Physical characteristics: He is thin, possibly with acne or some physical malady that contributes to an appearance different from that of the general population.

Residence: He lives close to the area of the crime scene, usually alone in a rental property or with his parents or a significantly older female relative.

Automobile: Generally, this type of offender usually does not own a vehicle. However, if he does, it will be an older model that looks junky inside and out. The investigator should consider his area of jurisdiction. If the area is rural, expect the offender to have an older type of vehicle, with a messy interior and not well maintained. If the area is within an urban setting, the offender will probably not own a car.

Employment: This type of offender may not be employed. If he is, he will most likely seek out unskilled work. His job will be a simple or menial one, requiring little contact with the public, e.g., dishwasher, bus boy, janitor, maintenance man, stock boy.

Military history: He probably has none. If he was in the military, it was probably in the army and he may have been discharged as unsuitable.

Arrest record: His arrests have been for voyeurism, fetish thefts, burglary, exhibitionism, and other nuisance offenses.

General Behavior Characteristics

1. This offender is someone who has a societal aversion. He rejects society, which he feels has rejected him, and is considered socially inadequate.

2. A loner, he becomes secluded and isolated. He is quiet and withdrawn and might be considered a recluse.

3. An underachiever, he has a poor self-image and his clothes are dirty and messy.

4. He has poor personal hygiene habits.

5. His acquaintances consider him weird or odd. He may have delusional ideas and seems strange in appearance and behavior. He is the "little Johnny Weird" of the neighborhood.

6. He internalizes hurt, anger, and fear.

7. He is sexually incompetent and may never have had a sexual experience with someone of the opposite sex. He does not date; interpersonal relationships are difficult for this subject.

8. This offender is heavily into solo sex-related activities (substitute sex). Voyeurism, exhibitionism, panty thefts, autoerotic activities, sadistic fantasies, pornography, and masturbation are used to compensate for his lack of interpersonal relationships.

9. He is nocturnal, a night person.

10. He has no close personal friends.

Figure 21.17 LUST MURDER — DISORGANIZED OFFENDER. The woman, who was walking her dog on the beach, became a victim of a "blitz-style" type of attack by a disorganized offender, who used a machete in the attack. (From the author's files.)

11. This offender usually lives alone or with a significantly older female relative.

12. He has low birth order status.

13. His father's work is known to be unstable.

14. This offender experienced harsh discipline as a child.

15. During crime, his mood is anxious.

16. He makes minimal use of alcohol.

17. He has minimal interest in the news media.

18. This type of offender lacks the cunning of the organized offender.

19. He commits the crime in a frenzied, blitz-style of attack, attempting to silence the victim quickly, usually with blunt-force trauma. Sudden violence to the victim and death follow quickly.

20. His is a spontaneous offense. The crime scene is tightly clustered. The weapon is usually one of opportunity and evidence will usually be found. The weapon may be present and the body left at the location of assault.

21. The crime scene will be random and sloppy. There may be evidence of blood smearing on perpetrator, the victim, or surface areas at the scene, as well as uncontrolled stabbing or slashing.

Figure 21.18 POSTMORTEM MUTILATION. The offender then eviscerated the woman and engaged in postmortem mutilation. He removed organs from the woman's body and threw them into the sea, according to a witness who was on a boat off shore. (From the author's files.)

22. There may be depersonalization of the victim, with extreme assault to the face.

23. Postmortem bite marks to breasts, buttocks, neck, thighs, and abdomen may be present.

24. Postmortem dissection of the body may be inflicted, which is exploratory in nature. Investigators may find mutilation of the body and evidence of anthropophagy, the consumption of the victim's flesh and blood.

25. Sexual acts may be performed with the body: insertion of foreign objects into the anal or vaginal cavities; masturbation upon the victim or her clothing; ejaculation into stab wounds; and sexual experimentation. Usually there is no penis penetration of the body by this type of offender.

26. The crime scene may be isolated, but no real effort is made to hide or conceal the body. The crime scene will be in proximity to the offender's residence or place of employment.

27. The body may be positioned by the offender for some symbolic purpose.

28. There may be evidence of ritualism. This type of offender may be expressing some sort of psychosexual need in the symbolic positioning of the body or

in some ritualistic aspect of the crime scene. Because this offender is known to be extensively involved in pornography and solo sex-related activities, it would be good investigative technique to record this psychological aspect of the crime scene. Later, this information may serve as the basis for a search warrant of the suspect's home.

29. This type of offender may take a souvenir, which can be an object or article of clothing taken as a remembrance. In some instances, the souvenir may even be a body part. This type of offender has been known to return souvenirs to the gravesite or the crime scene.

30. This type of offender has been known to undergo a significant behavior change after the crime — drug and/or alcohol abuse, religiosity, etc.1

This list can be utilized by the investigator in making assessment relative to the type of personality that may be involved in a particular investigation.

Criminal Personality Profiling — The Signature Aspect in Criminal Investigation

The signature aspect of a violent criminal offender is a unique and integral part of the offender's behavior. This signature component refers to the psychodynamics, which are the mental and emotional processes underlying human behavior and its motivations.31

Essentially, our human sexuality is established during our psychosexual development through conditioning and experience. Healthy and unhealthy sexual behaviors are learned behaviors in which the individual develops a perception of what is sexually stimulating and satisfying.

Clinical Perspective

Clinically speaking, there is a behavioral distinctiveness in human sexuality. This unique aspect of our sexual arousal and response system accounts for why individuals differ in their sexual behaviors and engage in a specific series of behavioral patterns. In sex-related criminal incidents, the offender is often subconsciously "acting out" a sexually significant behavioral pattern which reflects his underlying personality, lifestyle, and developmental experiences.

Dr. John Money refers to the "lovemap" as "a developmental representation or template in the mind and in the brain depicting the idealized lover and the idealized program of sexuoerotic activity projected in imagery or actually engaged in with that lover."32 These are related to the natural human development of the individual and are influenced by biological aspects as well as the environment: nature and nurture. According to Dr. Money, "Like a native language, a person's lovemap also bears the mark of his own unique individuality, or accent...it is usually quite specific as to details of the physiognomy, build, race, color of the ideal lover, not to mention temperament, manner, and so on."29 The lovemaps may be extremely detailed in specifying certain

Figure 21.19 EXAMPLE OF PARAPHILIA MANIFESTED IN A CRIME SCENE. This serial killer, who had a background of fetish burglaries and paraphiliac attraction to women's high heel shoes, propped his victim with these red shoes taken from her closet and then posed her in the crime scene. (Courtesy of retired Detective Dale Foote, Bellevue, Washington Police Department.)

Figure 21.20 MURDER KIT. This photograph depicts the typical contents of a rape or murder kit. The masked offender had gained entry into the bedroom of a young woman while she was asleep. The contents of his "kit" were as follows: a camcorder with an X-rated porno tape, black nylon stockings and "fishnet" stockings, a pair of gloves, a bottle of chloroform with mask, a syringe containing acepromozine (a horse tranquilizer), a bondage gag, two clothes pins, and a number of pretied ropes with slip knots. (Courtesy of retired Chief Thomas G. Witten, Sugarcreek Township, Ohio, Police Department.)

characteristics which take precedence over others, such as an attraction to thighs, buttocks, bosom, torso, face, teeth, eye color, hair, skin, weight, height, and so on.32

Sexual deviation occurs when these lovemap patterns become derailed. Child molesters, rapists, deviant murderers, and others with peculiar erotic interests are an example of this phenomenon. The formulation of sexual deviance can usually be traced to aberrant erotic development — for example, strict antisexual upbringing, sexual abuse of a child between the ages of 5 and 8 by the primary caregiver, overexposure to sexually stimulating behaviors, and/or inappropriate and pathological family dynamics. According to Money,

Paraphilias are a mental template or lovemap that in response to neglect, suppression, or traumatization of its normophilic formation, has developed with distortions, namely, omissions, displacements, and inclusions that would otherwise have no place in it. A paraphilia permits sexuoerotic arousal, genital performance, and orgasm to take place, but only under the aegis, in fantasy or live performance, of the special substitute imagery of the paraphilia.32

These derailed lovemaps are the precursor for sexual deviance and, in the case of the serial killer, the "game plan" for murder.

Human behavior, although unpredictable, is often repetitive. Research has indicated that certain actions engaged in at the homicide crime scene by certain types of personalities will be repeated in other homicide investigations. The homicide detective who has enhanced his experience with a comprehension of the psychodynamics of human behavior will be able to develop a base of knowledge that can be applied to the review of similar cases.

Investigative Perspective

From an investigative perspective, it is important to note that an offender's modus operandi (M.O.), or method of doing things, is a learned behavior and tends to remain consistent. However, these types of behaviors are developed over time and change as offenders gain experience, build confidence, or become involved with the criminal justice system. The "signature" component may also change to some degree. However, the change usually involves a progression of violence and sexual mutilation, which is consistent with the paraphilia sexual sadism seen in lust murders.

The M.O. involves actions necessary to accomplish the activity while the signature aspect represents the underlying emotional "needs" of the offender. These needs or, as Money would refer to them, "lovemaps" usually present as behaviors and actions that go beyond those necessary to accomplish the crime. When dealing with an offender who is a sexual sadist, one can expect to see a progression of violence as the series evolves.

Understanding and recognizing the modus operandi and the signature aspect of the event can enable the professional investigator to link events in a series. The combination of M.O. and signature provides the investigator with identifiable patterns. In

Figure 21.21 SIGNATURE POSING. This photograph illustrates a "signature-type" posing. This is one in a series of open serial murder homicides. This victim was not raped because she was menstruating. However, the offender had a specific signature. He would rape and sodomize his victims and then hang them by their neck in the crime scene using ligatures that came from the scene. (Courtesy of Captain Steve Denton, CID, Spartanburg County, South Carolina, Sheriff's Office.)

my experience, most offenders are likely to use the same M.O., which has been successful for them in the past. It is a human behavior trait that often is overlooked in the heat of a major case investigation. This does not mean that a serial killer will not change his M.O. However, the signature component remains constant.

Linkage Blindness

Linkage blindness is defined as an investigative failure to recognize a pattern which links one crime with another crime in a series of cases through victimology, geographic region or area of events, the "signature" of the offender, similar M.O., and a review of autopsy protocols.31

Investigative Application of the "Signature" Aspect

When an offender displays behavior within the crime scene and engages in activities which go beyond those necessary to accomplish the act, he is revealing his signature. These significant personality identifiers occur when an offender repeatedly engages

Figure 21.22 LINE DRAWING — LINKAGE BLINDNESS. (From the author's files.) in a specific order of sexual activity, uses a specific type of binding, injures and/or inflicts similar types of injuries, displays the body for shock value, tortures and mutilates his victim, and engages in some form of ritualistic behavior.

In the "Vampire Killer" case, which appears earlier in the chapter, the killer was targeting young women whom he would eviscerate. Investigation revealed that the offender was removing blood and body parts from his victims. The sexual motivations were obvious in the mutilations. The other activities engaged in by the offender were so absurd and bizarre that authorities were immediately able to link the incidents. However, the motivation underlying this series of crimes appeared totally irrational. The offender, who was seemingly unconcerned about apprehension, left an abundance of physical evidence at his crime scenes. The detectives properly focused their investigation on someone who would be described as a psychotic or disorganized individual.

One of the most common signatures is that of the psychopathic sexual sadist, who involves himself in complete domination of the victim. I have reviewed and consulted on a number of serial murder cases that have revealed this signature aspect of the crime.

Case History

Timothy Spencer, who was responsible for the sexual murders of four women, was a cat burglar and rapist who stalked his victims. He was able to enter their homes while they were asleep.

On September 19, 1987, the body of a 35-year-old woman was found dead in the bedroom of her first-floor apartment in Richmond, Virginia. She had been strangled to death and there was evidence of sexual activity at the scene.

Figure 21.23 SIGNATURE ELEMENT IN A SERIES OF STRANGULATIONS. This victim was found face down with her hands tied behind her back and a ligature around her neck. Four other female victims were found similarly bound and positioned face down in the crime scene. (Courtesy of retired Detective Joseph Horgas, Arlington, Virginia, Police Department.)

On October 3, 1987, 2 weeks later, a 32-year-old female physician was found dead in a second-floor bedroom closet in her home in Richmond, Virginia. She also had been strangled, and there was also evidence of sexual activity at the scene.

Police investigation indicated that in both cases the murderer had entered the homes of the women by cutting a screen and climbing through an open window. In the first murder scene, police recovered semen samples from the bedding of the victim. In the second murder scene, the killer left semen on the victim's slip.

On November 22, 1987, a 15-year-old woman was found dead in her parents' apartment in Chesterfield County, which is just south of Richmond city limits. The killer had entered her bedroom through a window as the family was asleep. The victim had been strangled, her hands were tied behind her back, and once again, there was evidence of sexual activity at the crime scene.

Nine days later and over 100 miles away in Northern Virginia another rape–homicide was being investigated by the Arlington County Police. On December 1, 1987, a 44-yearold woman was found dead on her bed on the second floor of her two-story home in Arlington County in Northern Virginia. She had been strangled and there was evidence that she had been raped. Police recovered semen from the victim's nightgown and a sleeping bag at the crime scene.

In each of the cases, the offender made sure that the victims, who were married or had a relationship, were home alone when he attacked. He exerted total control over these victims and spent considerable time in their homes. His behavior with the victims and his actions in the crime scene indicated that he was a classic sexual psychopath.

The DNA evidence in this series of rapes and murders was crucial because it forensically linked the cases. However, the DNA analysis also enabled prosecutors to pass the legal test for signature crimes, meaning enough similarities existed to believe that the crimes were committed by the same person.

In each of the incidents, the women had been raped and sodomized by their attacker after he had accosted them in their sleep. Each victim had been strangled to death with a ligature. Each of the victims was found face down and had been similarly bound with her hands tied behind her back. This signature-crime tactic was used in each of the subsequent prosecutions as well as the penalty phase hearings on each of the convictions.33

Case History

A series of murders occurred within Washington State in 1990. The murders began in Bellevue, Washington, in June and ended within King County in September. Initially, authorities were not aware of the linkage of these cases, due to a delay in the analysis of pubic hair evidence retrieved from the first two crime scenes. In addition, the authorities were misdirected with the emergence of a more viable suspect in the second murder investigation. However, when the evidence analysis of the hair had been completed and the initial suspect in the second case was eliminated, the authorities were presented with a classic signature-type series of events.

It is important to note that in the real world of conducting an active homicide investigation, we do not have the luxury of retrospective knowledge. Many alleged "experts" who criticize police investigations are "smart" after the fact, when all of the information is finally available for review. When you examine this case chronologically and assess the information that authorities had at the time they were conducting their inquiry, you can understand how these cases were not initially linked.

Case Number 1

The first victim was a 27-year-old white female, whose nude body was discovered in the parking lot of a restaurant. Her body was found face up, lying on her back with her legs crossed at the ankles. Her face was partially covered with a lid from a plastic cup, which covered blunt-force injuries to her head. There was also evidence along with scratch marks on the side of her neck that her necklace had been used as a ligature. In addition, there were postmortem drag marks on the high points of her body, indicating that she had been dragged. The assailant had posed the victim's body with the victim's hands crossed on her chest with a pine cone beneath her fingers. The police recovered foreign pubic hairs on and near the body. The medical examination revealed that she had been vaginally raped and anally sodomized with an unknown object.

Her clothing was missing along with any identification. As a result, her identity remained unknown until June 27, 1990, when she was identified as a missing person from Redmond, Washington. She had last been seen in the early morning hours of June 20 at a popular bar and restaurant. Her car was later located in the parking lot of the establishment, and her pocketbook was discovered in the restaurant's lost and found.34

Signature Aspect

The body of a nude female, who had been sexually assaulted (raped and anally sodomized with an object), was posed with a prop (the pine cone) beneath her

Figure 21.24 SIGNATURE ASPECT — VICTIM NUMBER 1. This victim, who had been raped and anally sodomized with a foreign object, was posed and propped by the killer for the purposes of "shock value." This murder was the first in a series of brutal sex-related homicides that escalated in violence as the killer progressed. (Courtesy of Detective Marv Skeen, formerly with the Bellevue, Washington, Police Department, and now with the State Attorney General's Office in Washington State.)

hands. The body had been positioned so that the victim was lying on her back, face up, thereby exposing her breasts and genitalia. Semen and sperm were recovered along with unknown foreign pubic hairs. This pointed toward an organized offender, who was able to "con" the victim away from a safe area. She was raped at one location and then disposed of at another location. Her body was displayed for shock value and her clothing was taken to hinder identification.

Case Number 2

The next case also occurred within the city of Bellevue. On August 9, 1990, the body of a 32-year-old white female was discovered in her bedroom by her 13-year-old daughter. The victim's nude body had been displayed on the bed with a pillow over her head. The barrel of a shotgun had been inserted into the victim's vagina. The body was totally nude except for a pair of red high-heel shoes, which had been placed upon her feet by the offender. The body had been positioned so that whoever walked into the room would be confronted with this grotesque sight. There was evidence of blunt-force trauma to the head and manual strangulation. Although there was no evidence of vaginal rape or sodomy, there were foreign pubic hairs found on the mattress and the rug in the victim's bedroom. Two expensive rings were missing from the hands of the victim.35

Figure 21.25 SIGNATURE ASPECT — VICTIM NUMBER 2. This victim was found in the bedroom of her home with a shotgun placed into her vagina. She also had been posed and propped for shock value. The injuries on this victim were much more extensive than those of victim number 1 and there was evidence that the offender had spent an inordinate amount of time with the victim. (Courtesy of retired Detective Dale Foote, Bellevue, Washington, Police Department.)

Signature Aspect

The body of a nude female, who had been sexually assaulted (the victim was nude, object inserted into vagina, foreign pubic hairs), was found in her residence. There was no evidence of forced entry. The body had been displayed and then posed with props (insertion of the shotgun into the vagina and the red high-heel shoes on her feet). Foreign pubic hairs were retrieved from the crime scene. The offender had managed to enter her home, assault and kill her, and then spend a considerable amount of time in the crime scene as he engaged in unknown conduct with the body. The body was face up, exposing her breasts and genitalia, and posed for shock value. The injuries to this woman's head were more extensive and the posing more degrading than for victim number 1. Two expensive rings were stolen from the victim's hand.

However, in this case, the police had good reason to suspect a former boyfriend, who made an excellent suspect due to his activities prior to the murder. In addition, when the police attempted to question him, he hired an attorney, who refused to discuss the case with the authorities. The pubic hair from the first case as well as the present case was not analyzed until September. In fact, this case, as presented to authorities, appeared to be a classic interpersonal violence-oriented type dispute and assault.

Figure 21.26 SIGNATURE ASPECT — VICTIM NUMBER 3. This victim was also found in the bedroom of her residence. She also had been posed and propped for shock value. The injuries were much more extensive than those of victims number 1 and 2, and there was evidence that the offender had spent an inordinate amount of time with the victim. In addition to the extensive head injuries, the killer engaged in "piquerism" with the victim's body, inflicting approximately 241 postmortem stab wounds throughout her body, which indicated a progression of violence.

(Courtesy of Detective Larry Petersen, King County Police Department, Seattle, Washington.)

Case Number 3

The next case took place within King County. The body of the 24-year-old white female victim was discovered in her bedroom on September 3, 1990. Her nude body had been positioned under the bed covers with a pillow covering her face. There was a vibrator placed in the victim's mouth and next to her head was a book entitled More of the Joys of Sex. There was also evidence of blunt-force trauma to the victim's head. When the police removed the bed covers, they saw that the body had been placed spread-eagle on her back, with a series of postmortem slashings and stabbings. The victim's body was face up, thereby exposing her breasts and genitalia. Crime scene technicians recovered a foreign pubic hair, which was adhered to one of her stab wounds. There was evidence that the offender had spent considerable time in the crime scene. The cause of death was blunt-force trauma to her head.

However, the offender felt the need to inflict over 241 postmortem stab wounds throughout the victim's body. There were frontal wounds into the side of the victim's neck, into her chest, breasts, abdomen, and upper thighs. There were a series of dorsal wounds into the back and buttocks and along both legs. Even the bottom of the victim's feet bore evidence of this piquerism. An expensive ring was missing from the victim's finger.36

Signature Aspect

The body of a nude female, who had been sexually assaulted (nude victim, piquerism, foreign pubic hairs), was found in her residence. There was no evidence of

Figure 21.27 PIQUERISM. Postmortem stab wounds throughout the body. Sexual inclinations to stab, pierce, or cut. Obtaining a sexual gratification from the shedding of blood, tearing of flesh, and/or observing such pain and suffering of a victim who is being subjected to this activity. (Courtesy of Detective Larry Petersen, King County Police Department, Seattle, Washington.)

forced entry. The body had been sexually displayed and then posed with props (insertion of the vibrator in the victim's mouth and the book, More of the Joys of Sex, placed next to her head). A foreign pubic hair was recovered from her body. The offender had managed to enter her home, assault and kill her, and then spend a considerable amount of time at the crime scene. The infliction of over 240 postmortem wounds throughout the body took a considerable amount of time. The offender had degraded the victim in death and had posed the body for shock value. The injuries to this woman's head were much more extensive and the posing, with the vibrator in her mouth, more degrading than for victim number 2. A ring was stolen from the victim's hand.

The Suspect

The suspect was a 33-year-old black male. He was a known burglar who as an adolescent had a history of fetish burglaries and other nuisance offenses. He was developed as a suspect when he was found in possession of a gun that had been taken from a residence near the last homicide. The pubic hairs recovered from each of the crime scenes were Negroid in origin and were found to match the suspect. The subject, who was a police buff, was fascinated with police work. He had police scanners and told people he worked for the police and the FBI. He was also fascinated with serial murder cases and reportedly was well read on the Ted Bundy and Green River cases. He followed the news stories very closely and had cut them out of the paper as well as the photographs of the victims. He would compare them to each other and ridicule the police techniques. He had stated to a friend that "the only way the police will catch the killer is with trace evidence."

Evidence

Each of the victims had Negroid hairs on or near her body. The semen and sperm found on the first victim were matched to the suspect through DNA. The police located a vehicle used to transport the first victim and discovered blood in the front seat cushion. This blood matched the blood of the first victim through DNA analysis. Police located a witness who identified one of the rings stolen from the second victim. The suspect had tried to sell the ring to the witness. The ring stolen from the last victim was traced back to the suspect.

Signature Aspect of the Crimes

Each murder was sexually motivated. Each of the victims was discovered totally nude. Each victim's body had been positioned face up to expose the breasts and genitalia. Each victim had been posed and/or positioned after death with props and/or objects inserted in or placed near or on her body. It was apparent that the killer spent a considerable amount of time with each of the victims and engaged in activities well beyond those necessary to kill the victims. In fact, a classic progression of violence was inflicted on each new victim. The cause of death for each of the victims was blunt-force trauma. In each case, trophies had been taken from the victims, e.g., clothing, rings, jewelry. Each crime scene revealed Negroid pubic hairs, suggesting a black offender.

Practical Examples of Signature Activity24

It should be noted that the possible examples of signature activity are incalculable because it is based on an offender's fantasies, which could encompass just about anything. However, I have listed some examples based upon the cases with which I have been involved in my capacity as a homicide consultant:

• An offender slowly cuts the clothes from his victim's body.

• An offender rips or tears the clothes from the victim's body.

• An offender makes the victim remove her clothing.

• An offender uses the victim's undergarments to bind her.

• An offender exercises "total control" over his victim.

• The offender binds his victim in an explicit manner, e.g., hogties, slip knots, noose, ligature around the neck.

• An offender uses a specific type of binding material, e.g., rope, duct tape, adhesive tape, parachute cord, hemp, wire, electric cord, nautical rope. This can also have significance as to employment.

• An offender gags and blindfolds his victim.

• An offender rapes his victim while her hands are tied behind her back.

• An offender binds his victim nude.

• An offender engages in postmortem binding.

• An offender engages in sexual assault with the bound victim.

• An offender follows a sequence of sexual assault activity with the victim,

e.g., anal assault followed by forced fellatio and then rape.

• An offender dresses his victim in clothing or undergarments that he brought to the scene and/or do not belong to the victim.

• An offender brings along sex toys or instrument to use on the victim.

• An offender masturbates on his victim's body

• An offender brings petroleum jelly to use in his sexual assault.

• An offender poses the body in a specific manner, e.g., nude, legs spread, buttock raised, face down, face up, in a sleeping position, covered, re-dressed.

• An offender stalks a specific type of victim.

• An offender engages in antemortem mutilation and torture.

• An offender engages in postmortem mutilation.

• An offender engages in necrophilia.

• An offender engages in anthropophagy (consumption of blood and/or flesh).

• An offender removes body parts, e.g., breast, nipples, vulva, penis, buttock, hands, feet, head, scalp.

• An offender displays the victim's body parts for shock value.

• An offender places the body parts of his victim into the mouth or a cavity of the body, e.g., stuffing the severed breast into the mouth of the victim, jamming the severed penis down the neck of the decapitated victim.

• An offender props the body with some item from the scene or with something he brought to the event. Any posing, propping, or insertion of objects into the sexual orifices or portions of the body is considered signature.

• An offender multiply stabs his victim in sexual areas, e.g. breasts, buttock, chest, genitalia, overkill types of injuries.

• An offender uses a certain method to kill his victims (strangulation, bluntforce trauma, stabbing, shooting, drowning, electrocution, burying the victim alive, etc.).

• An offender targets a female victim with a child. Because of her child, the victim will cooperate with his demands.

• An offender climbs into the victims' beds as they sleep, takes them by surprise, and attacks them in their beds.

• An offender manually strangles his victim.

• An offender uses ligature in his strangulations, e.g., rope, clothing, or something he brought to the scene.

• An offender shoots his victims in specific areas, e.g., head, chest.

• An offender uses a specific type of weapon.

• An offender uses blunt-force trauma to the head or engages in savage beating of his victims.

• The offender engages in "play bondage" with a willing partner and when the victim is helpless and vulnerable, the offender engages in physical torture.

• The offender shows a videotape or plays an audiotape of his last victim, which indicates what is going to happen to his current victim.

• The offender keeps his victim as a prisoner or "sex slave." He keeps the victim in a cage or place where the victim is restrained, such as a coffin-like box.

Conclusion

The homicide detective who has enhanced his experience with a comprehension of the psychodynamics of human behavior will be able to develop a base of knowledge which can be applied to the review of similar cases. The ability to "read" the crime scene and recognize the "signature" of an offender can be extremely instrumental in the investigative process.

Remember: A sexual fantasy is a fantasy and, as such, cannot become a reality. However, the harder one tries to duplicate or reproduce the fantasy, the more specific the "signature" is.

Geographic Profiling

Geographic profiling is a sociological concept which scrutinizes and analyzes an offender's activity within a specific geographic area. This application of theory was first promulgated by Rossmo.37,38 The concept is based on the fact that we as human beings are creatures of habit. We repeat those actions and things that are familiar and comfortable to us. Rossmo refers to what he defines as "mental maps," which are a cognitive image of our spatial surroundings based upon our daily activities and experiences. These activities occur in areas around our home, workplace, recreation sites, shopping districts, etc., causing those neighborhoods to become known and familiar. Connecting these centers of activity are various routes, which we choose in our daily travel. According to Rossmo, these familiar sites, areas, paths, and routes influence our mental maps.

Consider the first time you took an automobile trip on your vacation. I am sure that you probably planned the trip, taking a map showing you the best course as well as the identification of certain locations at which you could stay along the route. Perhaps you enjoyed the location and decided to go back the following year. I am sure that you still made preparations and planned out the trip. However, this second time you probably knew where you would stay, and you probably chose the same location because it was familiar. Also, you probably used the same rest stops and gas stations along the way. In addition, you really did not need to refer to the map as often as the first time.

If you returned the following year, you probably did not even need the map because your route of travel had became memorized; landmarks were easily recognized and this led to your comfort and reassurance. Basically, you developed a mental map of this scenario, which provided you with a feeling of comfort.

Offenders behave in a similar fashion as they cruise for victims or search for places to dispose of bodies. The direct and alternative routes that offenders select reflect their "mental maps." The areas of home, work, shopping, and recreation make up comfort zones, which allow predatory offenders to cruise and commit their crimes under a psychological blanket of protection. The same psychological reassurance that you experienced in your repeat travels also applies to the criminal and his travels.

The predator has a zone of behavioral activity. This zone contains activity sites, offense locations, and the connecting paths between them.

Dayton Leroy Rogers, who was responsible for the murders of eight women in the Portland, Oregon, area, was a prime example of this type of offender: a predator who operated within a specific zone of behavioral activity. Rogers would cruise the streets of Portland's "red light" district looking for prey. He would solicit the women for sex and entice them into his pick-up truck. He would then drive along preselected and secluded routes out of town toward the mountains and the Molalla Forest in Oregon. Once he had gotten his victims into the truck, which was a comfort zone, he would demonstrate his power over them in a series of sexual bondage and torture scenarios. His victims would be killed in a brutal and horrific manner. He would then dispose of their nude and mutilated bodies within the confines of the Molalla Forest. In fact, authorities eventually found the remains of seven young women in this forest. The offender had been familiar with the Molalla Forest for years and had grown comfortable within this location.

The Molalla Forest represented his primary comfort zone. This was a location where he could dispose of his victim's bodies and return again and again. He not only could dump new victims, but also could savor his conquests. The Molalla Forest became a "totem place," a location that afforded him the opportunity to relive the events and fantasize about his earlier kills. The routes to and from the forest as well as the streets of Portland, where he picked up his potential victims, represented his geographical comfort zones.39

Geography plays an important role in the offender's selection of "suitable" victims. Suitability depends on the "rightness" of the place. Is the area appropriate for predation? Is it familiar? Does it possess a feeling of comfort? Does it contain sufficient and suitable victims? Is the risk of apprehension low? Are there sufficient escape routes?

Investigative Elements to Consider in Geographic Profiling

• Crime location type

• Arterial roads and highways

• Physical and psychological boundaries

• Land use (residential, commercial, industrial, parkland)

• Neighborhood demographics

• Routine activities of victims

• Displacement40

Investigative Elements in the Criminal Case Assessment Process

• Crime scene similarities

• Traditional investigative techniques

• Linkage analysis

• Psychological profiling

• Geographic profiling

• New investigative strategies40

Types of Crime Locations

• Encounter location

• Attack location

• Crime location

• Victim disposal location

• Vehicle dump location40

See the text, Geographic Profiling, written by D.K. Rossmo.38

Case History — Organized Offender and Psychopathic Sexual Sadist

The following case history concerns a serial killer who operated within New York City and Bergen County, New Jersey. He is a classic organized offender, who could be clinically defined as a psychopathic sexual sadist. In addition, the "signature" element of these events ultimately linked these crimes. This case history includes information from a personal interview of Lt. Frank Del Prete, Bergen County Prosecutor's Office.41

New York City homicide detectives first became involved in this serial murder investigation when the bodies of two women were discovered in the Travelodge Motor Inn on West 42nd Street. The Fire Department had responded to this location to extinguish a fire in one of the motel rooms. In the room were the nude and mutilated bodies of the two young women. Their heads and hands had been removed almost surgically, according to the pathologist, who confirmed that both women had been sexually abused and physically tortured.

This investigation became known as the "Mid-Town Torso Case." It was believed that both women were prostitutes who had somehow been lured to the room. A check of the hotel register indicated that this room had been occupied for 3 days by an unknown white male, who gave a fictitious address in New Jersey. Radiological tests on the bones of the victims revealed one woman to be in her early 20s and the other was estimated to be approximately 16 years of age. The newspapers printed everything they could lay their hands on, including how the police were attempting to identify the young women by dressing mannequins with the clothing recovered at the murder scene.

There were stories on the progress of the investigation including stories on "Johns" who had been arrested for abusing prostitutes. The newspapers also reported on the efforts by the police in the area to come up with information. Approximately 1 month later, the body of one of the victims was identified as a high-priced prostitute who worked the Atlantic City–New York City set. Despite this break, the investigation was still going nowhere.

Figure 21.28 MID-TOWN TORSO CASE — SERIAL KILLINGS. In these figures, you see the mutilated bodies of two women found in a midtown hotel. Both women had been sadistically tortured over a period of days. Note the linear torture marks on the body in the bottom figure. Also note that the heads as well as the hands have been severed from the bodies. The mutilation in this particular circumstance was purposeful and performed by the killer so as to prevent authorities from identifying the victims. The killer then set the room on fire before leaving the hotel. (From the author's files.)

Figure 21.29 VICTIM OF SERIAL MURDER — NEW JERSEY. A female victim of the same serial killer in the New York City cases was found beneath a bed in a New Jersey motel. This victim had been tortured and sexually abused. There is breast assault as well as bondage activity (handcuffs) in the crime scene. Note the linear lines of torture on the body. (Courtesy of Lt.

Francis P. Del Prete, Bergen County, New Jersey, Prosecutor's Office.)

Four months later, in Hasbrouck Heights in Bergen County, New Jersey, the nude body of a 19-year-old woman was found in the Quality Inn Motel by a maid, who was cleaning the room. This victim was identified through fingerprints as a prostitute who was originally from Miami, Florida, but was now working the streets of New York City. She had been tortured and sexually abused. In fact, the killer had left behind a pair of handcuffs, which had been used to bind the victim. Her body bore evidence of bondage-type injuries and nipple and breast assault, as well as superficial torture-type cuttings to the skin.

The Bergen County Prosecutor's Office took over this investigation. They got their first break when a partial latent fingerprint was discovered on the handcuffs that the killer had left on the body. Although the New Jersey authorities conducted interviews in New York City and conferred with New York City police, this case was not considered related to the Mid-Town Torso case because of the different M.O. and crime scene information.

Eleven days after the Bergen County homicide, the Fire Department once again summoned New York City police to a hotel room fire, where a nude and mutilated body had been discovered. New York City homicide detectives immediately linked this death to the Mid-Town Torso case. However, this time the killer did not remove the victim's head and hands. Instead, the killer removed both of the woman's breasts, which he left on the headboard of the bed. Once again, there was evidence of bondage and torture. This victim, like the one who had been identified in the Mid-Town Torso case, was a high-class prostitute who ordinarily would not be operating out of this type of premises. This time, no clothing was left behind for police to analyze. Had the killer been focusing on the news reports? The New York City police still had no viable leads.

Figure 21.30 SERIAL KILLER'S VICTIM. In this photo, we see the victim of the same serial killer found in another New York City hotel. This victim had also been tortured and sexually abused. The offender had removed the breasts of the victim and placed them on the bed headboard to shock the police. He did attempt to change his modus operandi from the other New York City cases. However, once again, the offender set the room on fire. New York City authorities immediately linked this killing to the midtown case. He was finally caught on his next attempt in New Jersey. (From the author's files.)

One week after the New York City case and approximately 3 weeks since the discovery of the body at the Quality Inn Motel in Hasbrouck Heights, police once again were called to the motel. This time, Hasbrouck Heights police were responding to cries for help coming from one of the rooms.

A white male, 33 years of age and identified as Richard Cottingham, was arrested by police as he attempted to flee from the motel. An 18-year-old prostitute from New York City was found in the room. She had been bound with handcuffs and sadistically tortured by Cottingham. Her screams for help had been heard by the motel staff, who immediately called police. Cottingham tried to talk his way out of the assault by stating he had "paid for this service from a prostitute" and that he was not trying to kill her. He feigned cooperation, readily admitting to sadomasochistic activities with the prostitute but steadfastly denying any involvement with the 3-week-old murder. However, Bergen County detectives were convinced that they had just apprehended a killer. The New Jersey officials secured a search warrant for Cottingham's house in Lodi, New Jersey.

Police were shocked to discover that Cottingham maintained a private room that even his wife was not allowed to enter. It became known as the "Trophy Room." Cottingham would take souvenirs from his victims, which are referred to as trophies. In this room was the crucial evidence linking Cottingham to the New Jersey and New York City homicides. In addition to the murders, he also became the primary suspect in a series of abductions and rapes of New York City prostitutes who had been drugged and then brought to New Jersey motels, where he would torture and sexually abuse them.

The latent print on the handcuffs was matched to Richard Cottingham. The evidence recovered in the Trophy Room became the basis of the New York City investigation and the victims of the abductions and sex torture were able to identify Cottingham in the subsequent line-ups conducted by Bergen County Prosecutor's detectives.

Bergen County detectives were convinced that Cottingham had killed before in New Jersey. In fact, 3 years earlier, the body of a beautiful 27-year-old nurse had been found in the parking lot of the Quality Inn Motel in Hasbrouck Heights. She had died of asphyxiation from a gag as she was being abducted. Ironically, this victim had been a neighbor of Cottingham when he lived in Little Ferry, New Jersey.

Her body bore some similar wounds to those of the other victims. There were enough similarities to convince the prosecutor, Dennis Calo, to seek an additional murder charge against Richard Cottingham. This case subsequently became known as the "Signature Case," when Dennis Calo was able to convince the court that the modus operandi in respect to the cases was so unique and so novel as to be personal to Cottingham. He was eventually convicted of the New Jersey murders and rapes and is currently serving several lifetime prison sentences in Trenton State Prison.

Cottingham displayed the following traits, which are considered classic organized offender traits. His behavior and the activities with his victims are consistent with DSMIV criteria found in the clinical definition of antisocial personality disorder and sexual sadism. He is a classic psychopathic sexual sadist.

• He selected each of his victims for the purpose of sexual and psychosexual gratification.

• He became sexually excited by the suffering of his victims.

• He was methodical and cunning and planned his offense. He had his "murder kit" andprops, which he used on his victims.

• He maintained control over his victims — handcuffs, restraints, tape across mouths, etc.

• He was excited by the cruelty of the acts.

• He had an extensive collection of S&M pornography, which displayed his avid interestin sadistic fantasies, torture, and bondage paraphernalia.

• He demanded submission from his victims, engaged in sexual experimentation, anddegraded his victims.

• He engaged in mutilation for the purposes of hindering identification in the Mid-TownTorso case. He removed the breasts of the other victim for shock value.

• There was a distinctive lack of evidence at most of his crime scenes. He used fire todestroy evidence in two of the cases.

• He followed the news media accounts, changed his M.O. accordingly, and changed hislocation.

• He took souvenirs from his victims. In the case of organized offenders, these become"trophies" of their conquests.

• He lived some distance from his crime scenes and his victims were targeted strangers,except in the nurse killing, which may have been his first murder.

• He led a compartmentalized lifestyle. He was married with three children and had ahome in New Jersey.

• He worked in Manhattan and maintained a separate lifestyle in New York City. He hadtwo girlfriends in the city, each of whom was unaware of the other.

• He was involved with prostitutes, whom he would date or abduct and rape. He was alsotorturing and killing certain prostitutes in between his other activities.

Case History — Mixed Personality

An interesting illustration of the classic "mixed" personality was provided to me by the Peel Regional Police Force in Brampton, Ontario, Canada. I had the opportunity to interview Inspector Rod Piukkala, who provided the following case information on a particularly brutal lust murder.42 This case presented the authorities with an "organized" and "disorganized" scenario and provides an exquisite example of why we in law enforcement must be cautious in our assessments of typology in the application of psychology to the crime.

The suspect, who was 17 years of age at the time of the offense, worked as a shipping clerk in a local factory. His victim was a 16-year-old high school student. She had just left her boyfriend's house and was waiting for a bus when the suspect pulled up and offered her a ride. The victim accepted the ride after the suspect got out of his vehicle and opened the rear door for her. He was able to verbalize her into his vehicle and take her to an isolated location, where he sodomized and raped her. This type of activity is appropriately described as organized. However, what followed were the activities of a classic lust murder committed by a disorganized offender.

The suspect provided police with the following confession. He stated that he had pulled into the back of the 600 Group (a factory) and then put the car into park. He stated:

I then lunged at her over the front seat real quick. I was beside her and I started to grab her tit. I reached over and put my hands under her knees and pulled them up onto the seat so she was laying on the seat. I told her to take her pants down and she did. I spread her legs and licked her vagina. Then I took my pants down and got up on her and screwed her. After I ejaculated I said that's it and she asked if she could sit up in the front seat. I said sure and then said hold on a second and I grabbed her belt loop so she wouldn't run away...While we were walking I said I had a present for her...I reached into the car through the open window and grabbed a brick from the floor. I looked at her and then hit her with the brick over the left eye. She screamed "oh no" just before I hit her with the brick and then sort of screamed in pain. I hit her one or two more times on the side of the head and then she fell down. Then I saw a bigger brick, so I put the small one down and then picked up the bigger one and hit her in the head about seven times. Then she screamed and said, "Don't strangle me." Then I looked over and seen the board and picked it up and put it on her throat and applied pressure. I released it after about a minute and she sucked some air in and she was still breathing so I saw another board that was longer so I got it and held the end against her throat and stood up and leaned my weight on it. I did this for about 2 or 3 minutes. Then I let up and threw the board away and I grabbed her by the feet and dragged her over to the field.

I was dragging her by her pant leg and when I got over there I noticed her clothes were pulled up around her shoulders. Her breasts were exposed and I could see her lighter and a safety pin. I leaned over and bit her right nipple, then I got the lighter and I pulled her jeans off to her ankles and I ripped her panties off and just tossed them aside. I used the lighter and singed her pubic hair. Then I picked up the safety pin and put it through her left nipple. Then put the lighter to her right breast. I spotted a piece of wood with a nail in it and I put the board with the nail in it on her chest and hit it with my hand and drove the nail into her chest. I did this between five and seven times. Then I saw this big brick about 3 feet away and I picked it up and dropped it on her chest. I did this probably seven or eight times. She was still quivering at this time so I put the board with the nail under her neck with the nail up and pushed her head on it. Then I pulled the lumber jacket over her head and I got the big brick beside her head and then flipped it over her head. I stood up and urinated on her and then I left. Oh, I forgot one thing, I remember the moon shining

Figure 21.31 LUST MURDER. These photographs depict the position in which the body was placed for discovery by the police. The body had been posed after death in a manner to degrade the victim. The offender who had raped and killed the young girl then engaged in deviant postmortem activities with the corpse. (Courtesy of Inspector Rod Piukkala. Photos taken by the Peel Regional Police Force, Brampton, Ontario, Canada.)

on her necklace, which was around her neck but was broken. I took it off and put it in my pocket and the lighter too. I walked over to the car and picked up the small brick and put it on the floor of the front seat. I got in the car and drove home. I got home about 12:20 (midnight) and I went right to sleep.

The next day I got up about 6:00 A.M. and went to work between 7 and 7:30. On my way to work I drove [past the location where the murder was committed to get the name of the company]. When I got to work, I phoned information and got the name and telephone number of the company. I wrote it down on a piece of paper. I wrote out this piece of paper [indicating the evidence on the desk] as soon as I got to work. At 10:20 I phoned the 600 Group and spoke to a secretary and told her there's a body out back, she's been killed, call the proper authorities. I told her my name was Fred Baker. I called back to see if the police had got there yet. I said, "This is Fred, have the police arrived yet?" The third time I called a man answered and I hung up. I called back again and said, "The future's uncertain, the end is always near. And you're gonna die too." I hung up the phone then. I made another call a little bit later and I was trying to scare them, I had seen it in the movies. I said three sticks of dynamite set for 3 minutes. I think I said a couple of doors up. Then I hung up and called back about a minute and a half later and said, "Minute and a half to go." Then I called up Mississauga News and the receptionist put me through to [name of the reporter]. I told him the girl's name was Darlene that she was 17 to 19...At lunchtime I walked down the road and noticed the police cars at 600 Group. I asked one of the reporters what happened and he said there's a murder but there's not much information. I turned around and went back to work.

Investigative Considerations

The suspect's statement included information that he had gotten the victim's name from the newspapers and placed calls to the victim's relatives. He also called her school to inquire about the funeral. In addition, he called the cemetery and got the location of the plot. He also wrote a four-page letter to the police, which graphically described the murder and events leading up to the death of the young victim.

The letter, which taunted the police and warned of other murders, was delivered along with the victim's necklace and her cigarette lighter to a library with instructions to phone the police. (See Table 21.1 and Table 21.2 in this chapter. Note that there are a number of organized and disorganized characteristics in combination with one another that represent the suspect as well as the activities at the crime scene.)

The Police Investigation

Peel Regional Police Homicide Inspectors Rod Piukkala and D'Arcy Honer were assigned to investigate the case. Detective Sergeant Geoff Hancock, Inspector Mike Metcalf, and Inspector Frank Fernandes (now deceased) were assigned the identification duties in connection with this case. (See "Latent Prints on Human Skin" in Chapter 20.)

The deceased's head was covered with a 66-pound block. Her sweater and bra were pulled up, fully exposing her breasts. Her jeans were rolled down to her ankles exposing her genitalia and her legs were positioned in a spread-eagled manner. The officers observed a safety pin inserted into her left nipple as well as several scratches and bite marks on her breast. They also observed burn marks on her breast and pubic area. There were several puncture marks on her neck and chest along with deep lacerations on the top and sides of her skull. The board with the nail protruding was located beneath her skull. The crime scene search revealed a number of bloodstains and drag marks leading towards the body along with a smaller bloody building block. The identification officers were able to "lift" palm prints from the inner thigh of the deceased, which later matched those of the suspect Dobson. (See "Latent Prints from Human Skin" in Chapter 20.) In addition, a forensic odontologist was able to match the suspect's dentition to the bite marks inflicted on the victim's breast.

The suspect, David Dobson, was identified early as a result of the telephone calls to the 600 Group. The authorities had requested Bell Canada to install tracing equipment on the company's line. As a result, the calls were traced to another factory about a block away. The authorities also learned that someone, who was later discovered to be the suspect, had made two additional calls to the Mississauga News. The owner of the factory where the calls originated was requested by police to listen to a tape recording of the suspect. The owner identified David Dobson. Court-approved audio and video surveillance was immediately commenced on the subject. Tape recordings of the subject were also played for the secretaries of the 600 Group and the Mississauga News as well as for the reporter.

The following day, an employee at the plant where Dobson worked located a piece of paper with the telephone numbers of the 600 Group and the Mississauga News on Dobson's desk. A further search of the plant by Detective Sergeant Hancock and Inspectors Piukkala and Honer revealed a piece of paper with the phrase "the future's uncertain, the end is always near" taped to the wall above Dobson's work bench. The phone numbers for the 600 Group and the Mississauga News were again observed on another piece of paper.

On Monday, the subject was shown a newspaper account of the murder by a fellow employee, who was acting under the direction of investigators. He immediately opened the paper to the appropriate page and began to read aloud to the other employees. The subject then proceeded to cut both stories from the paper and place them in his wallet. Upon his arrest, these articles were still in his wallet.

The subject was also monitored making telephone calls to people listed in the telephone book with the same last name as the deceased. In addition, authorities were able to document him calling the deceased's school requesting information about the funeral. The authorities then recorded him calling the cemetery requesting the location of the plot.

Later that same day the surveillance officers observed him delivering a package to the Mississauga Library. This package was a four-page letter addressed to Inspector (now deputy chief) Wingate detailing what had transpired on May 6 and included several taunting messages to the police. In the envelope were the victim's necklace and her cigarette lighter.

On May 12, the subject was arrested by Inspectors Honer and Piukkala. Dobson subsequently provided the officers with a complete verbal and written account of the murder. He also provided handwriting, voice, dental impressions, and physical

specimen samples, which were matched to the crime. His palm prints were matched to the latent prints taken from the victim's legs. The bloody brick that he used to strike the victim in the face was found on the front floor of his car.

David Dobson was convicted of first-degree murder and is serving life in prison with a minimum of 25 years ordered by the court before he will be eligible for parole application.

A Psychology of Evil

The behaviors of the subjects referenced within this chapter can appropriately be described as psychopathic sexual sadism.43 For the purposes of discussion, I have defined this behavior as a "psychology of evil."24,44

Human evil is too complex to be studied from a single framework of reference. In an attempt to understand the psychopathology of evil behavior, scientists use specific models. The medical model remains one of the most useful vehicles for understanding mental illness. Often, scientists must embrace multiple models in order to gain a clearer understanding.

In psychology there are the biological model, the psychological model, the sociological or environmental model, the sociobiological model, the Freudian model, the behavioral model, the existential model, and others. In the study of sexual homicide, the motivational model5 provides an excellent vehicle for the analysis of serial murder behaviors.

A Model for a Psychology of Evil

Dr. M. Scott Peck, author of People of the Lie,45 considered various possible factors in the genesis of human evil. He based his study on clinical histories and focused his hypothesis on the general population.

According to Peck, "Although we do not yet have a body of scientific knowledge about human evil worthy of being dignified by the term 'psychology,' behavioral scientists have laid a foundation that makes development of such a psychology possible...."45 Peck goes on to describe the contributions of Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustave Jung. He suggests that "...a psychology of evil must be a religious psychology"45 and recommends a theological model for analyzing and studying evil.

Peck discusses evil and sin, which are obviously not referenced in clinical literature. Yet, his integration of the clinical with the theological encompassing the concept of free will and narcissism provides an excellent example of the psychopathology of evil, which may contribute to law enforcement's understanding of the phenomenon of serial murder.

According to Peck, Erich Fromm was the first and only scientist to identify clearly an evil personality type. Fromm, who wrote the book, The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil,46 saw the genesis of evil as a developmental process: "We are not created evil or forced to be evil, but we become evil slowly over a period of time through a long series of choices."45

According to Peck, however, Fromm's analysis of evil does not seem to take into account the tremendous forces that tend to shape the being during early developmental processes. However, it should also be noted that not everyone who is subjected to a dysfunctional environment becomes evil and this is because we have free will.

If we apply free will and freedom of choice to the serial killer's murderous and sadistic activities, we are suddenly confronted by the reality of an evil human predator — an evil entity who has made a conscious decision to kill — someone who, as Fromm suggests, has made a choice between good and evil.

Peck, in his hypothesis of evil, presents a particular pathologic variant that Erich Fromm called "malignant narcissism":

Malignant narcissism is characterized by an unsubmitted will. All adults who are mentally healthy submit themselves one way or another to something higher than themselves, be it God or truth or love or some other ideal.... In summary, to a greater or lesser degree, all mentally healthy individuals submit themselves to the demands of their own conscience. Not so the evil, however. In the conflict between their guilt and their will, it is the guilt that must go and the will that must win.45

The serial murderer is extremely selfish and narcissistic. His goal is power and sexual gratification. An evil person is characteristically hedonistic and feels superior to other human beings. Despite any intrapsychic conflict between guilt and his ability to exercise his free will, the serial murderer opts for free will and chooses to do evil. I therefore propose that serial murder is representative of a psychology of evil.

What is important from an investigative perspective is that when you are dealing with someone who is a psychopathic sexual sadist, you are in effect dealing with a psychology of evil. This is certainly not a clinical definition, but should serve to alert the professional investigator to the thinking patterns and the potential of such an individual.

If we apply the Freudian concepts of the id, the ego, and the superego to the serial murderer, we gain some additional psychological insight into the psyche of the offender. Sigmund Freud proposed that the id was the source of instinctual drives, which are constructive and destructive:

The id is completely selfish and concerned only with immediate gratification of instinctual needs without reference to reality or moral considerations. The id operates on what is called the pleasure principle. The id however, cannot undertake the actions needed to meet instinctual demands. The id needs the ego, which mediates between the demands of the id and the realities of the external world. The basic function of the ego is to meet id demands, but in such a way as to ensure the wellbeing and survival of the individual. This requires reason and other intellectual resources in dealing with the external world, as well as the exercise of control over id demands and is referred to as the reality principle. Freud viewed id demands, especially sexual and aggressive strivings, as inherently in conflict with rules and prohibitions imposed by society.

The superego is an outgrowth of learning the taboos and moral values of society. The superego is essentially what we refer to as conscience and is concerned with right and wrong. As the superego develops, it becomes an additional inner control system that copes with the uninhibited desires of the id.10

In the case of a serial murderer, his inner police officer or conscience is absent or off-duty. The serial murderer kills in order to satisfy his lust or id impulses. However, he is also quite devious and clever. He is aware of the criminality of his actions and will not commit a murder when an external police officer is watching because his ego will work to assure his well-being in what has been described as the reality principle.

According to Markman and Bosco, the primary ingredient missing from the sociopath's psyche is conscience:

That is, perhaps, the most significant characteristic of a sociopath, because it allows full and violent expression without significant hesitation, guilt, shame, or remorse. Sociopaths are unable to learn from experience or punishment, and they frequently get in trouble with the law.... Sociopaths are hedonistic, emotionally immature, selfish, impulsive, and devious. Their goals are often primitive, and usually are centered on power and pleasure. Sociopaths tend to consider other people only as objects to be exploited, avoided, or neutralized.47

Psychopathy, sociopathy, and antisocial personality disorder are not generally classified as a mental illness per se, but rather as a disorder of character.

A sociopath knows right from wrong — he simply doesn't care. He lacks the internal prohibitions, or conscience, that keep most of us from giving full expression to our most primitive and sometimes violent impulses. He will be self-indulgent, narcissistic, and not concerned about the rights and feelings of other people, who will be treated as objects to be manipulated, exploited, avoided or destroyed.47

"When sexual sadism is severe, and especially when it is associated with antisocial personality disorder, individuals with sexual sadism may seriously injure or kill their victims."11 This type of killer never stops killing. In my opinion as an expert in homicide investigation, there is no cure for the psychopathic sexual sadist except life in prison or death.

Murders committed by serial killers who are psychopathic sexual sadists transcend human understanding. The subhuman aspects of these killings coupled with the atrocities visited upon the victims manifest an appetite for violence and sexual mutilation that have people referring to the killers as animals. Yet, animals do not rape, sodomize, torture, and mutilate their prey. They kill for biological survival. Serial murderers, on the other hand, are evil predators who kill for pleasure and their vile sexual perversion. They are able to operate in an emotionally detached manner because they totally lack any empathy for their victims. In my opinion, the definitions of conduct provided in the clinical diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder and sexual sadism are insufficient to define such behaviors. The enormity of such malevolence exceeds these and remains incomprehensible without a concept of a psychology of evil.44

Conclusion

Criminal profiling can be a valuable investigative tool in identifying and pinpointing potential suspects in certain types of murder cases. The VICAP Program as well as the additional knowledge-based systems being developed offers law enforcement exciting new capabilities. However, criminal personality profiling cannot replace sound investigative techniques or eliminate the need for experienced homicide investigators. It should be noted that knowledge-based systems, as well as criminal profiles, are only investigative tools.

Practically speaking, these tools are meaningless unless the primary and basic investigative function of information gathering, through crime scene process, interviews, and interrogation, and the medicolegal autopsy are effectively accomplished.

I would like to close this section with an investigative precaution, which I came across in my research:

Investigators...should gain enough insight into scientific psychology to see how unreliable and unsuitable psychological evidence from character is in criminal detection, and how rarely and cautiously it should be used.48

My years of homicide investigation experience in the field have taught me a valuable lesson. The theories and strategies involved in the application of criminal profiling techniques to a homicide investigation are subject to the realities of human behavior, which is at best an unpredictable commodity. Although I am an advocate of criminal personality profiling, I also advise against "putting all of your investigative eggs into a psychological basket."

References

1. Geberth, V.J. Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactics, Procedures, and Forensic Techniques. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1996, pp. 710, 730–737, 756.

2. Ault, R.L. and J.T. Reese. "A Psychological Assessment of Crime Profiling." Law Enforcement Bulletin, March, 23, 1980.

3. Brussel, J.A. Casebook of a Crime Psychiatrist. New York: Bernard Geis Publishing Company, 1968, pp. 33, 46, 117, 136–162.

4. Geberth, V.J. "Mass, Serial and Sensational Homicides: The Investigative Perspective." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, June, 62(5), 495, 1986.

5. Ressler, R.K., A.W. Burgess, R.L. Depue, J.E. Douglas, R.R. Hazelwood, K.V. Lanning et al."Crime Scene and Profile Characteristics of Organized and Disorganized Murderers." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, August, 19, 1985.

6. Biondi, R. Personal interviews, December 19, 1989, and updated June 1, 2005.

7. Biondi, R. and W. Hecox. The Dracula Killer. New York: Pocket Books, 1992.

8. Ressler, R.K., A.W. Burgess, and J.E. Douglas. Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1988, p. 135.

9. Guralnik, D.B., Ed. Webster's New World Dictionary. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982, p. 1147.

10. Coleman, J.C., J.N. Butcher, and R.C. Carson. Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, 7th ed. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman & Co., 1984, pp. 63, 237–239, 247–250.

11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., rev. Washington, D.C.: Author, 1994, pp. 302, 530; 645.

12. Hare, R.D. Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of Psychopaths among Us. New York: Pocket Books, 1993, pp. 6–34.

13. Ressler, R.K., A.W. Burgess, and J.E. Douglas. Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1988, p. 135.

14. Cleckley, H., M.D. The Mask of Sanity, 5th ed. Augusta, GA: Emily S. Cleckley, 1988, pp. 337–338.

15. DeRiver, J.P. Crime and the Sexual Psychopath. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1958, pp. 41, 276.

16. Vetter, H. "Dissociation, Psychopathy and the Serial Murderer." In S. Egger (Ed.), Serial Murder: An Elusive Phenomenon. New York: Praeger, 1990.

17. Cartel, M. Disguise of Sanity — Serial Mass Murderers. North Hollywood, CA: Pepperbox Publishing Co., 1985.

18. Lunde, D.T. Murder and Madness. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1976, p. 48.

19. Brittain, R. "The Sadistic Murderer." Medicine, Science, and the Law, 10, 198–207, 1970.

20. Dietz, P.E. "Mass, Serial and Sensational Homicides." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 62(5), 483, 1986.

21. Meloy, J.R. The Psychopathic Mind: Origins, Dynamics, and Treatment. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1992.

22. Hare, R.D. "Psychopathy as a Risk Factor for Violence." Psychiatric Quarterly, 70(3), Fall, 1999.

23. Hare, R.D. "Psychopathy and the Predictive Validity of PCL-R: An International Perspective."Behavior, Science, and the Law, 18, 623–645, 2000.

24. Geberth, V.J. Sex-Related Homicide and Death Investigation: Practical and Clinical Perspectives. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2003, pp. 726–728, 756.

25. Roth, R., detective sergeant, Lenexa, Kansas, Police Department. Personal interviews, 2003,2004, and 2005.

26. Michaud, S. and H. Aynesworth. The Only Living Witness. New York: Penguin Books, 1989.

27. Hagmaier, W. Personal interview, November 20, 1989, and updated in March, 1995, andMay, 2005.

28. Keppel, R.D. and W.J. Birnes. The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. New York: Pocket Books, 1995.

29. Reichert, D., sheriff. Personal interview, August, 2002.

30. Keppel, R.D. and W.J. Birnes. The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. New York: Pocket Books, 2005.

31. Geberth, V.J. "The Signature Aspect in Criminal Investigations." Law and Order Magazine, 43(11), November 1995.

32. Money, J., Ph.D. Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. New York:

Irvington Publishers, Inc., 1986, pp. 19, 39, 68, 290.

33. Author's files.

34. Skeen, M. Personal interviews and communications, May 15, 1991, April 20, 1993, and May,2005.

35. Foote, D. Personal interviews and communications, April 26, 1991 and April 20, 1993.

36. Petersen, L. Personal interviews and communications, November 4, 1991 and April 26, 1994.

37. Rossmo, D.K. Investigative Geographic Profiling: Validity, Reliability, and Utility. Paperpresented at the meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Chicago, IL, March, 1994.

38. Rossmo, D.K. Geographic Profiling. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000.

39. King, G.C. Blood Lust. New York: Onyx, 1992.

40. Rossmo, D.K. "Targeting Victims: Serial Killers and the Urban Environment." In T.O'Reilly–Fleming (Ed.). Serial and Mass Murder: Theory, Research and Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.

41. Del Prete, F., lieutenant, Bergen County, NJ Prosecutor's Office. Personal interview, January,1984.

42. Piukkala, R., inspector. Personal interviews and communications, January 17, 1991, March11, 1994, and May 15, 1995.

43. Geberth, V.J. "Antisocial Personality Disorder, Sexual Sadism, and Serial Murder." Thesis.California Coast University, December, 1994.

44. Geberth, V.J. "A Psychology of Evil." Law and Order Magazine, 40(5), May, 1992.

45. Peck, M.S., M.D. People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983, pp. 45–46, 78, 82.

46. Fromm, E. The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil. New York: Harper & Row, 1964.

47. Markman, R., M.D. and D. Bosco. Alone with the Devil: Famous Cases of a Courtroom Psychiatrist. New York: Bantam Books, 1989, pp. 91, 274.

48. Reik, T. The Compulsion to Confess. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959, pp. 34–35.

Selected Reading

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Author, 1994.

Ault, R.L. and J.T. Reese. "A Psychological Assessment of Crime Profiling." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, March, 1980.

Aynesworth, H. and S.G. Michaud. The Only Living Witness. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.

Biondi, R. and W. Hecox. All His Father's Sins — Inside the Gerald Gallegro Sex-Slave Murders. California: Prima Publishing, 1988.

Biondi, R. and W. Hecox. The Dracula Killer. New York: Pocket Books, 1992.

Brussel, J.A. Casebook of a Crime Psychiatrist. New York: Bernard Geis Publishing Company, 1968.

Burgess, A.W., R.K. Ressler, and J.E. Douglas. "Offender Profiles — A Multidisciplinary Approach." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September, 1980.

Cartel, M. Disguise of Sanity — Serial Mass Murderers. North Hollywood, CA: Pepperbox Publishing Co., 1985.

Cleckley, H., M.D. The Mask of Sanity. 5th ed. Augusta, GA: Emily S. Cleckley, 1988.

Coleman, J.C., J.N. Butcher, and R.C. Carson. Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life. 7th. ed., Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman and Company, 1984.

DeRiver, J.P. Crime and the Sexual Psychopath. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas and Co., Inc., 1958.

Dietz, P.E. "Mass, Serial and Sensational Homicides." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 62(5), 477–490, 1986.

Fromm, E. The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil. New York: Harper & Row, 1964.

Geberth, V.J. Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactics, Procedures, and Forensic Techniques, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1996.

Geberth, V.J. "The Investigation of Sex Related Homicides." Law and Order Magazine, 34(7), July, 40–47, 1986.

Geberth, V.J. "The Serial Killer — The Revelations of Ted Bundy." Law and Order Magazine, 38(5), May, 72–77, 1990.

Geberth, V.J. "Lust Murder: The Psychodynamics of the Killer and the Psychosexual Aspects of the Crime." Law and Order Magazine, 39(6), June, 1991.

Geberth, V.J. "Antisocial Personality Disorder, Sexual Sadism, and Serial Murder." Thesis. California Coast University, December, 1994.

Geberth, V.J. "A Psychology of Evil." Law and Order Magazine, 40(5), May, 107–110, 1992.

Geberth, V.J. "Psychopathic Sexual Sadists: The Psychology and Psychodynamics of Serial Killers." Law and Order Magazine, 43(4), April, 82–86, 1995.

Geberth, V.J. "The Signature Aspect in Criminal Investigations." Law and Order Magazine, 43, November 11, 1995.

Geberth, V.J. "Mass, Serial and Sensational Homicides: The Investigative Perspective." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 62(5), 492–496, 1986.

Geberth, V.J. Sex-Related Homicide and Death Investigation: Practical and Clinical Perspectives. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2003.

Geberth, V.J. and R.N. Turco. "Antisocial Personality Disorder, Sexual Sadism, Malignant Narcissism, and Serial Murder." Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(1), 49–60, 1997.

Hare, R.D., M.D. Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths among Us. New York: Pocket Books, 1993.

Holmes, R. Profiling Violent Crime, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Press, Inc., 1996.

Keppel, R.D. Serial Murder: Future Implications for Police Investigations. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Company, 1989.

Keppel, R.D. The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. New York: Pocket Books, Inc., 1995 and 2005.

Keppel, D. and W.J. Birns. The Psychology of Serial Killer Investigations: The Grisly Business Unit. New York: Academic Press, 2003.

Lunde, D.T. Murder and Madness. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1976.

Lunde, D.T. and J. Morgan, The Die Song: A Journey into the Mind of a Mass Murderer. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1976.

Markman, R. and D. Bosco. Alone with the Devil: Famous Cases of a Courtroom Psychiatrist. New York: Bantam Books, 1989.

Meloy, J.R. The Psychopathic Mind: Origins, Dynamics, and Treatment. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1992.

Michaud, S.G. and H. Aynesworth. Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer. New York: Signet Books, 1989.

Mones, P. Stalking Justice. New York: Pocket Books, 1995.

Money, J., Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender

Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. New York: Irvington Publishers, Inc., 1986.

Peck, M.S., M.D. People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.

Reik, T. The Compulsion to Confess. New York: Farrar, Staus and Cudahy, 1959.

Rossmo, D.K. "Investigative Geographic Profiling: Validity, Reliability, and Utility." Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Chicago, March, 1994.

Rossmo, D.K. "Targeting Victims: Serial Killers and the Urban Environment." In T. O'Reilly–Flemming (Ed.), Serial and Mass Murder: Theory, Research and Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.

Rossmo, D.K. Geographic Profiling. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999.

Rossmo, D.K. "Target Patterns of Serial Murderers: A Methodological Model." American Journal of Criminal Justice (in press).

Ressler, R.K., A.W. Burgess, and J.E. Douglas. Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1988.

Ressler, R.K., A.W. Burgess, J.E. Douglas, C.R. Hartman, and R.B. D'Agostino. "Sexual Killers and Their Victims: Identifying Patterns through Crime Scene Analysis." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1(3), September, 288–308, 1986.

Ressler, R.K., A.W. Burgess, J.E. Douglas, et al. "Crime Scene and Profile Characteristics of Organized and Disorganized Murderers." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 54(8), August, 1985.

Schurman–Kauflin, D. The New Predator: Women Who Kill: Profiles of Female Serial Killers. New York: Algoa Publishing, 2000.

Teten, H.D. "Offender Profiling." In W.G. Bailey (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Police Science, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1989, pp. 365–367.

Vetter, H. "Dissociation, Psychopathy and the Serial Murderer." In S. Egger (Ed.), Serial Murder: An Elusive Phenomenon, New York: Praeger, 1990.